Genetic Diversity Analysis of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) by Using Novel Microsatellite Markers

Abstract

White-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is known as a major rice and long-range migratory pest in Asia. Microsatellite marker (SSR) is widely used to perceive the origins and genetic diversity of insect pest. Samples were collected from Laos, Vietnam and 3 localities in Bangladesh, and we characterized novel 10 microsatellite loci of S. furcifera by using next-generation Roche 454 pyrosequencing technologies. We used 40 adult individuals collected from Shinan to test utility of ten microsatellite loci. The average of alleles per locus were 7.7. The mean of observed (HO) and expected heterozygosities (HE) were 0.648 and 0.748 respectively. These new microsatellite markers will be widely used in future ecological genetic studies of S. furcifera, including gene flow and genetic diversity among the population that are necessary for effective management and observing of the species. Furthermore, we used these markers to determine genetic diversity for S. furcifera specimens collected from Korea (Shin-an), Laos, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam and three different sites of Bangladesh in 2012, and Bangladesh, China, Nepal ,Thailand, and fifteen different sites of Korea in 2013. The genetic variability estimates for each S. furcifera population infer from the ten microsatellite loci included the observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosity and the inbreeding coefficient. HO ranged from 0.259 – 0.604 (mean = 0.435) and HE ranged from 0.488 - 0.768 (mean = 0.669). The FIS ranged from 0.1867 in WBPH_T17 to 0.5855 in WBPH_T11, with mean of 0.3598 across loci. In genetic variability estimates for each S. furcifera population in Asia, inferred from ten microsatellite markers, Shinan has a highest number of HO 0.648. This result shows the possibility of variation of the migration source. We speculate Laos, Vietnam and China as the origin of S. furcifera in Korea by the low number of FIS and high number of HO. The genetic variability estimates for each S. furcifera population in Korea, Changnyung, Gosung, Milyang and Shinan show high estimation of HO. All of these sites located in south and southeast part of Korea and may assume variability of migration origin. This study provides useful data to forecast the migration and origin of S. furcifera. This information about migration pattern may develop sustainable pest management strategies of this long-range migratory pest.