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독거노인의 삶의 질 구조모형 : Structural Equation Model of Quality of Life of Older People living alone

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Authors

이유미

Advisor
박연환
Issue Date
2019-08
Publisher
서울대학교 대학원
Keywords
노인삶의 질우울외로움구조모형
Description
학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :간호대학 간호학과,2019. 8. 박연환.
Abstract
As the population ages, the elderly value living independently for as long as possible within their respective community. Elderly people living alone are a vulnerable group with a lower quality of life than older adults who live with others, because of the absence of cohabitees to offer medical care, health care and housekeeping. They lack the emotional support provided by family or other social relationships and this can lead to social isolation. Investigating the quality of life of the elderly living alone is a very important public health matter that can influence health policy decisions.
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data that can enable interventions that can improve the quality of life of the elderly who live alone ultimately by analyzing the factors affecting the quality of life and verifying the paths. Variables relevant to quality of life were selected based on a literature review and important components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model. Exogenous variables were determined as physical function, daily living activities, social activity participation, economic activity participation. The endogenous variables were mental health and quality of life. The hypothetical model consisted of 12 measurement variables and 6 latent variables.
Body function was measured with Hand Grip Strength, Timed up and go, Body Mass index and daily life activities were measured in accordance with Korean Instrumental Activities of the Daily Living Scale. Social activity participation was measured by the Number of participants engaging in social activity, the Number of neighbors contacts and the Number of family contacts. Economic activity participation was measured by the Number of senior citizens who are equally active. Among Mental health, depression was measured with the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form Korea Version, loneliness was measured with UCLA loneliness scale, and quality of life was measured with EQ-5D and EQ-VAS.
This study was a secondary data analysis to verify the hypothetical model using the data from the 'Development and Evaluation of a Community Based Service of Health and Social Care for Older Adults Living Alone'. The raw data participants were selected from 1,300 elderly people living alone in S city in August 2018 based on proportionate stratified sampling. The raw data were collected by using one-on-one interviews with physical measurements and structured questionnaires from August 13th to October 03, 2018, using. A total 1022 data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS version 23 programs.
The results of the study were as follows.
The Hypothetical model was modified due to the fitness of the hypothetical model did not satisfy the recommended level, the modified model had good fitness indices Q (CMIN / df) 2.895, GFI 1, AGFI 1, RMSEA 0.043, CFI 0.900 and PCFI 0.532.
Among 9 pathways of the modified model, 5 pathways were statistically significant. The quality of life was affected by physical functions, daily living activities, social activity participation and mental health. These variables explained 68.2% of the factors contributing to quality of life. The factors that had a significant direct effect and a total effect on the quality of life were physical functions, daily living activities, and mental health; social activity participation had statistically significant and an indirect effect and a total effect through mental health on the quality of life.
Mental health was affected by physical functions and social activity participation and showed 47.1% of an explanation power. Physical functions and social activity participation had significant both a direct and total effect on mental health.
Based on the above results of the study, it would be helpful to evaluate and manage physical functions, daily living activities, social activity participation and mental health in order to improve the quality of life of the elderly living alone. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that it will be applicable to intervene to reduce depression and loneliness by adequately assessing, maintaining and promoting functional ability such as social activity participation and physical functions of elderly living alone. The result suggests that it will be effective in improving the quality of life of elderly living alone that applying active intervention and intervention plan that combines loneliness as well as depression in mental health education that has been provided so far. In particular, if the mental health promotion measures, such as maintaining and improving the physical functions, daily living activities and social activity participation of the elderly living alone, are applied to the community, it would be able to contribute to the development of nursing as a practical science.
인구 고령화가 진행되면서 노인들은 자신이 속한 지역사회에서 가능한 오래 독립적으로 사는 삶에 가치를 둔다. 독거노인들은 동거인의 부재, 가족이나 사회적 관계를 통해 제공되는 정서적 결속의 결여와 사회적 고립 등으로 동거노인보다 삶의 질이 낮은 취약집단이다. 독거노인의 삶의 질을 확인하는 것은 공공보건과 보건정책 결정에 있어 매우 중요하다.
본 연구는 지역사회 거주 독거노인을 대상으로 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 분석하고 경로를 탐색함으로써 궁극적으로 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 중재 개발의 기초자료를 마련하기 위한 목적으로 시도되었다. 기능, 장애 및 건강의 국제 분류(International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) 모델의 중요 구성요인과 문헌고찰을 바탕으로 관련 변수들을 선정하였다. 외생변수는 신체기능, 일상생활활동, 사회활동참여, 경제활동참여로 결정하였다. 내생변수는 정신건강과 삶의 질이었다. 이를 통하여 구축된 가설적 모형은 12개의 측정변수와 6개의 잠재변수로 구성되었다.
신체기능은, 악력, 일어나 걷기, 체질량지수, 일상생활활동은 도구적 일상생활활동, 사회활동참여는 사회활동참여 횟수, 이웃접촉 횟수, 가족접촉 횟수, 경제활동참여는 경제활동참여 횟수를 이용하여 측정하였다. 또한 정신건강 중 우울은 한국형 노인 우울간이척도(Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form Korea Version, GDSSF-K), 외로움은 UCLA 외로움척도(Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, RULS)로 측정하였고, 삶의 질은 EQ-5D(Euro Quality of life–5 Dimention-3 Level)와 EQ-VAS(EQ visual analogue scale)를 이용하였다.
가설적 모형을 검증하기 위하여 지역공동체 중심 통합형 독거노인 건강관리 및 일상생활 지원서비스 모델개발연구에서 조사에 참여한 1022명의 자료를 2차 자료 분석하였다.
연구 결과는 다음과 같다.
가설적 모형을 검증한 결과 적합도가 권장수준을 만족하지 못하여 모형의 수정을 시도하였다. 수정모형의 적합도는 Q(CMIN/df) 2.895, GFI 1, AGFI 1, RMSEA 0.043, CFI 0.900, PCFI 0.532로 모두 권장수준을 만족하였다.
수정모형에서 설정한 9개의 경로 중 5개의 경로가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 삶의 질에는 신체기능, 일상생활활동, 사회활동참여, 정신건강이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 이들 변수가 삶의 질을 68.2% 설명하였다. 신체기능, 일상생활활동, 정신건강은 삶의 질에 직접효과와 총효과가 모두 유의하게 나타났으며, 사회활동참여는 직접효과는 유의하지 않았으나 총효과와 정신건강을 매개로 한 간접효과가 통계적으로 유의하였다.
정신건강에는 신체기능과 사회활동참여가 영향 요인으로 밝혀졌으며 47.1%의 설명력을 보였다. 신체기능과 사회활동참여는 정신건강에 직접효과와 총 효과가 모두 유의한 것으로 나타났다.
이상의 결과를 바탕으로 독거노인의 신체기능, 일상생활활동, 사회활동참여 및 정신건강을 평가하고 관리하는 것이 지역사회에서 독거노인의 삶의 질 향상에 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구의 결과를 근거로 하여 독거노인의 사회활동참여와 신체기능을 적절히 사정하고 유지, 증진시키는 방안이 우울과 외로움을 감소시키는 중재에 적용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 지금까지 제공되던 정신건강관련 교육에 우울뿐 아니라 외로움을 접목한 중재 방안을 적용하여 적극적인 개입을 시도하는 것이 독거노인의 삶의 질 향상에 효과적일 것으로 생각된다. 특히 독거노인의 신체기능, 일상생활활동, 사회활동참여를 유지, 향상시키는 등 정신건강의 증진방안이 지역사회에 적용된다면 실무과학으로서 간호학의 발전에도 이바지할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.
Language
kor
URI
https://hdl.handle.net/10371/161857

http://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000157229
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