體育의 人類學的 原理에 對한 小考

Abstract

Physical activities are considered as a core of physical education. To carry out the programs of physical education effectively, we ought to. understand the various aspects of human beings-the principles of human physical activities and the effects of human physical activities on human body and mind. Therefore, the present study aims to examine and discuss the anthropological principles of physical education in the hope that this study may become a guideline for future performance of physical education programs. There were at least· three decisive stages of change in the morphological make-up of hominoids, which paved the way for the arrival of Homo Sapiens. The first of these stages was the critical modification of the chest-shoulder-forearms complex which was necessary for adaptation to brachiation. The second involved the modification of the pelvis and lower limb complex for the upright stance and bipedal locomotion. The third crucial change brought the modification of the jaw-face-cranium. It is estimated that as far back as a million years ago man acquired sufficient intelligence to speak as well as to use simple tools. Thus, as biological evolution progressed, man reached a level. where he achieved the ability to produce his own culture, and in turn he became a product of his own culture. Cooperative behavior had other implications for culture. It brought a type of diversification and specialization of work. This level led to significant biological, psychological, and sociological changes. Cooperative behavior along with the use of language and hand-eye coordination acquired through the use of tools stimulated the thinking process which in turn enhanced mental functions. This led over many thousands of years to an increase in the size of the brain together with a corresponding increase in cranial capacity. While the study of man, his culture and his evolutions has opened some new vistas for the understanding of man both in his diversity and in his unity, knowledge of human movement has presented a tremendous challenge for the future. The researchers and theorists of physical education alone can hardly meet this challenge. To this, a multidisciplinary approach should be made in which psychologists, sociologists, biologists, physiologists, anthropologists and medical researchers must have chance to participate. The development of muscular system through vigorous physical exercises was the key to an overall development for organisms in an upward struggle from a lower form of life to a higher form. It behooves the researchers of physical education then to understand the full implications of human heritage and to grasp its significance in terms of human welfare. Those who are involved in physical education should be aware of various weaknesses in human physique which are resulted from evolutionary inadequacies. They should know how these weaknesses can be overcome and how some of these weaknesses can be prevented in the course of physical education. On the other hand, they should encourage such programs in physical education as to help straighten the trunk and the abdominal muscles which is very important for the maintenance vertical posture.