«Тайная свобода» последнего символиста: Георгий Чулков в 19ЗО-е годы

Abstract

George Chulkov is one of the last representatives of Russian symbolism, he is known as а writer, critic and publicist. But this article represents the historicoliterary investigations connected with studying his biography and works, in the process of which and оп the basis of lots of archival materia1s сап Ье revealed new facts: Chulkov was not only writer, critic, but a1so the religious thinker, and he, as а last "Sоlоviе'viап(соловьевец)", was the supporter of such an ideal as "wholeness of the world", which permitted him to live Ьу "secret freedom" despite of repressive political atmosphere in Russia for the third decade of 20th century. In this article literary facts are considered оп the sociocultural context of the epoch. The special attention is given to the G. Chulkova' s literary strategy in 1920-1930, in particular to his belletristic biography transformed to the spiritual biography, in which the writer could unite results of historico-literary and archival studies with his religious understandings of the world and creativity «Pushkin's Life> , <Dostoevsky's Life> , <Ryleyev's Life». For him the extemal sujets serve as only the masks of intemal spiritual plots narrating about spiritua1 process of the personality, culmination of which becomes the moment of а spiritual enlightenment of the hero, his perception of the world as positive wholeness. Behind the solid plot scheme taken Ьу the writer for the basis of narrative, his own experience of religious realization сап Ье perceived. The role of documentary (or para1iterary) genres - memoirs, diaries, autobiography - have to Ье estimated in such а peculiar "catacomb culture" in Russia. In this context сап Ье analyzed Chulkov' s diary < Otkrovennyie mysli (Candid thought> and his short story < Vreditel , (Wrecker», in which the act of "keeping diary" constructs sujet and it becomes to the existential altemative. In the absence of spiritual and creative freedom, motives of simbolistic tшо world-view are exposed to ап аЬепаtiоп, and there arises tension between institutions of authority (censorship, criticism )and the person, who aspires to keep and realize the right of self-expression, which provokes crisis of identity.