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The role of dynactin1 in osteoclastogenesis : 파골세포 분화에 대한 dynactin1의 역할

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dc.contributor.advisor김홍희-
dc.contributor.author이용덕-
dc.date.accessioned2017-07-14T05:44:09Z-
dc.date.available2017-07-14T05:44:09Z-
dc.date.issued2016-02-
dc.identifier.other000000132767-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/125102-
dc.description학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 치의학대학원 치의과학과 세포및발생생물학 전공, 2016. 2. 김홍희.-
dc.description.abstract골 항상성은 뼈를 형성하는 조골세포와 뼈를 흡수하는 파골세포의 활성에 의해 조절된다. 조골세포와 파골세포 기능의 불균형은 골다공증, 류마티스 관절염과 같은 골 질환을 유발한다. 파골세포 분화는 조혈모 유래 전구 세포로 부터 M-CSF와 RANKL에 의해 유도된다. 미세소관 모터인 dynein과 어댑터 dynactin은 소낭 운반, 유사분열방추의 형성, 세포질 분열 등의 다양한 세포내 현상에 관여한다. Dynein의 활성을 촉진한다는 의미에서 그 이름이 유래된 dynactin은 dynein의 어댑터 역할을 하며 11개의 서로 다른 개별 단백질로 구성된 1 mDa에 이르는 거대한 복합체이다. Dynein/Dynactin의 결합은 세포질에서의 그 복합체의 활성화에 필요하다. Dynactin의 결합은 dynein의 진행성을 증가시키고, dynein을 세포내 특정 위치로 표적 시키는 것을 돕는다. Dynactin1 (DCTN1)은 다양한 진핵생물들에서 흔하게 발현되며, dynactin 복합체 내에서 중추적인 역할을 하는 가장 큰 구성 단백질이다. DCTN1은 미세소관과 dynein에 동시에 결합하여 dynein의 진행성을 조절한다. DCTN1의 G59S 유전자 변이는 미세소관과의 결합기능을 상실케하여 다양한 신경퇴행성질환을 발생 시킨다.
본 논문에서는 DCTN1의 파골세포 분화에서의 역할을 연구 하였다. DCTN1의 knockdown은 MAPK phosphorylation과 NFATc1/c-Fos의 발현을 저해함으로써 파골세포 분화의 감소를 야기 하였다. 더욱이, DCTN1의 결손은 Cdc42와 PAK2의 활성에 영향을 미치고, actin-ring 형성을 저해 시켰다. DCTN1이 knockdown된 골수 유래 대식세포에 지속적인 활성을 띠는 Cdc42를 과발현 시켰을 때는, 파골세포 분화가 회복 되었다. NFATc1/c-Fos의 발현 역시 회복 되었다. 흥미롭게도, DCTN1 과발현을 유도 하였을 때에도 파골세포 분화가 감소 됨을 확인 하였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 DCTN1 발현을 적절한 수준으로 유지 하는게 정상적인 파골세포 분화에 중요한 것으로 보인다. 또한, 쥐의 두개골에 RANKL을 적신 콜라겐 스폰지를 이식하는 동물 실험을 통하여 DCTN1 knockdown이 실제로 파골세포 분화와 골 흡수를 억제시킬 수 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 결론적으로, 본 논문에서는 DCTN1이 파골세포 분화에 있어서 중요한 인자임을 확인 하였다.
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dc.description.abstractBone remodeling is regulated by bone forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts activities leads to bone related diseases. Osteoclast is differentiated from hematopoietic stem cell-derived precursor cells by M-CSF and RANKL. Microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein and its adaptor dynactin have been shown to function in diverse processes including vesicular transport, mitotic spindle formation, and cytokinesis. Dynactin, named as a dynein activator, is important for the dyneins function. Dynactin is a giant multi-subunit complex, which consists of 11 different subunits, and its molecular weight reaches 1 mDa. Binding dynactin to dynein is required for cytoplasmic dynein-driven activities. Its binding to dynein helps the enhancement of dyneins processivity and targets dynein to particular cellular location. Dynactin1 (DCTN1), ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes, is the largest subunit pivotal for dynactin function. DCTN1 can concurrently bind to both microtubules and dynein, and thereby regulates dyneins processivity. The mutated DCTN1 (G59S) protein, which lacks the ability to bind to microtubules, is associated with development of neurodegenerative disorders.
Here I show that DCTN1 has an important role in osteoclast differentiation. Among the six dynactin gene family members, the DCTN1 mRNA was highly expressed in osteoclast precursor cells. The expression level of DCTN1 was increased at early stage by RANKL and the elevated level was maintained during osteoclastogenesis. Knockdown of DCTN1 decreased RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and suppressed the ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and Akt signaling pathways. The induction of NFATc1 and c-Fos, important osteoclastogenic transcription factors, was also inhibited by DCTN1 silencing. Moreover, DCTN1 knockdown significantly reduced bone resorption activity and disrupted the formation of actin-ring. The decrease in both NFATc1 and c-Fos by DCTN1 silencing could be attributed to the inhibition of RANKL-dependent Cdc42/PAK2 signaling pathway. Silencing of PAK2, an effector molecule of Cdc42 signaling, inhibited osteoclastogenesis and NFATc1 induction. DCTN1 siRNA injection onto mice calvariae disrupted bone resorption and OC formation by RANKL. Forced expression of constitutively active Cdc42 in DCTN1-silenced bone marrow-derived macrophages rescued osteoclast differentiation. The expression of NFATc1 and c-Fos was also recovered. Interestingly, the overexpression of DCTN1 also reduced osteoclast differentiation. These results suggest that abnormal levels of DCTN1 interfere with normal osteoclastogenesis. Taken together, DCTN1 has a critical role in osteoclastogenesis.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsI.Introduction 1
1.Bone remodeling 1
2.Osteoclast differentiation 3
3.Dynactin 8
4.Purpose of the study 13

II.Materials and Methods 14
1.Animal 14
2.Reagents and antibodies 14
3.Bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) preparation 15
4.Osteoclast differentiation and TRAP staining 15
5.Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection 16
6.Real-time PCR 17
7.Retroviral DNA transduction 17
8.Western blotting 18
9.Cell viability assay 19
10.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay 19
11.In vitro resorption assay 20
12.Confocal microscopy 20
13.Actin-ring staining 21
14.Active Cdc42 and Rac1 assay 21
15.In vivo bone resorption assay 22
16.Histology and histomorphometry 22
17.Immunofluorescence staining on paraffin sections 23
18.In vivo apoptosis assay 23
19.Statistical analysis 24

III.Results 26
1.DCTN1 was increased at early stage upon RANKL stimulation 26
2.DCTN1 knockdown inhibited OC differentiation 32
3.DCTN1-silenced BMMs showed abnormal RANKL signaling 39
4.DCTN1 regulates the activation of Cdc42 during OC differentiation 42
5.The activation of Cdc42 was Src-independently regulated by DCTN1 49
6.Cdc42/PAK2 axis positively regulated osteoclastogenesis 52
7. DCTN1-silenced OC precursor cells were susceptible to apoptosis 62
8.DCTN1 knockdown reduced osteoclastogenesis in vivo 74
9.Overexpression of DCTN1 interrupted osteoclastogenesis 83

IV. Discussion 89

V. References 98

국문초록 115
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dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent3591188 bytes-
dc.format.mediumapplication/pdf-
dc.language.isoen-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectOsteoclast differentiation-
dc.subjectdynacin1-
dc.subjectNFATc1-
dc.subjectc-Fos-
dc.subjectCdc42-
dc.subjectPAK-
dc.subject.ddc617-
dc.titleThe role of dynactin1 in osteoclastogenesis-
dc.title.alternative파골세포 분화에 대한 dynactin1의 역할-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorYong Deok Lee-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.citation.pages98-
dc.contributor.affiliation치의학대학원 치의과학과-
dc.date.awarded2016-02-
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