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Consideration of Public Interest in Investor-State Dispute Resolution: Enhancing Systemic Legitimacy through Amicus Curiae Participation : 국제투자분쟁해결절차상의 공익적 고려에 관한 연구: 외부조언자 의견제출권을 통한 체계적 정당성 강화를 중심으로

DC Field Value Language
dc.contributor.advisor신희택-
dc.contributor.author김미라-
dc.date.accessioned2017-07-19T03:29:49Z-
dc.date.available2017-07-19T03:29:49Z-
dc.date.issued2012-08-
dc.identifier.other000000005112-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/128572-
dc.description학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 법학과, 2012. 8. 신희택.-
dc.description.abstract외국투자자가 투자유치국 정부를 상대로 소송을 제기할 수 있도록 한 국제투자분쟁해결절차는 국제상사중재제도를 모델로 하여 시작되었다. 국제상업회의소의 국제중재법원, 유엔국제무역법위원회(UNCITRAL) 중재규칙 등에 따른 임의중재는 본래 상사분쟁의 해결을 위한 절차적 근거규범이 투자분쟁해결까지 확장적용 된 경우이다. 국가와 타국국민의 투자분쟁의 해결에 관한 협약에 의하여 설립된 국제투자분쟁해결본부(ICSID)는 국제투자분쟁의 해결을 전담하는 기구이지만 당사자간의 합의에 따라 중재에 의하여 분쟁해결을 도모하는 국제상사중재제도에 기반하고 있다.

국제상사중재제도는 비공개로 진행되는 것이 원칙이며 이는 국제상사중재규칙에 따르는 투자자-국가간 중재는 물론 ICSID 중재에도 상당부분 반영되어 있다. 그러나 다중에게 영향을 미치는 환경, 인권, 공중보건 등의 공익 및 국가의 공공정책의 수립•시행과 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있는 투자분쟁이 밀실재판처럼 진행된다는 비판이 거세지면서 이러한 민주적 결함을 시정하고 투자자-국가간 중재의 체계적 정당성을 확보하기 위한 노력이 2000년대에 들어서 급물살을 타고 있다. 그 일환으로 제시되고 있는 것이 분쟁당사자 외의 제3자의 중재절차 참여이며 그 중 외부조언자 의견제출권은 시민단체 등 제3자가 중재판정부가 분쟁의 사실적•법적 쟁점을 판단하는데 도움이 될만한 의견을 제출할 수 있도록 한다.

투자자-국가간 중재에서 최초로 제3자 참여를 인정한 북미자유무역협정 (NAFTA)의 경우 UNCITRAL 중재규칙에 따른 Methanex Corp. v. United States와 United States Parcel Services of America v. Canada 사건에서 판정부는 중재규칙 제15조 1항에 의하여 외부조언자 의견제출을 접수할 권한이 있다고 판단하였고 NAFTA 자유무역위원회는 그 후 이를 명시적으로 선언하였다. 이 선언에 따르면 외부조언자 의견제출의 허부 결정에 있어 판정부는 i) 제3자가 제공하는 다른 관점, 특정 지식, 통찰력이 사실•법적 쟁점 판단에 도움이 되는 정도, ii) 분쟁범위 내 사안인지 여부, iii) 절차에 중대한 이해관계를 가지는지 여부 및 iv) 공익과 관련되는지 여부를 고려해야 한다. 한편 ICSID의 경우 초기 사건들에서 나타난 다소 상충되는 결정들 이후 2006년 중재규칙 개정작업을 통하여 분쟁당사자와 협의 후 외부조언자 의견제출을 허용할 수 있도록 규정하고 NAFTA 자유무역위원회 선언의 네 가지 요건 중 마지막 요건을 제외한 three-part test를 도입하였다. UNCITRAL 중재규칙은 ICSID나 NAFTA보다 엄격한 비공개원칙을 유지하고 있지만 외부조언자 의견제출권을 규정하고 있는 개정안이 여러 번 제안되었고 현재도 개정 노력이 진행 중이다. 그러나 그 외의 상사중재규칙에는 이러한 내용이 반영되어 있지 않다.

외부조언자 의견제출권은 국제투자분쟁해결절차의 체계적 정당성을 강화하기 위하여 도입되었다. 이 제도는 판정의 질적인 향상과 국제투자법의 발전에 기여하며 특히 공익과 밀접한 관계를 맺는 투자자-국가간 중재에 시민사회의 참여를 보장한다. 반면 당사자의 부담 증가, 무분별한 의견제출로 인한 절차지연, 외부조언자의 정당성 결여 등 여러 가지 잠재적인 문제 또한 지니고 있다. 하지만 이러한 우려는 투자보호—공익보호, 기밀성—투명성, 중재의 효율성—제3자의 참여 이익 사이의 적절한 균형의 유지를 위한 노력으로 상당부분 완화될 수 있으며 이는 외부조언자 의견제출의 허용을 위한 체계화된 기준의 정립을 통하여 이루어져야 할 것이다. 외부조언자 의견제출권은 중재를 통한 국제투자분쟁해결 시스템의 체계적 정당성을 인정받기 위하여 다수의 이해관계인의 참여를 도모하는 제도인 만큼 이러한 목적과 부합하는 방향으로 관련된 이익의 균형 및 조율을 통하여 그 구체적인 구현방안을 모색하고 발전시켜 나가야 할 것이다.
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dc.description.abstractInvestment agreements routinely provide for the right of a foreign investor to directly bring claims against the host state before an arbitral tribunal for violations of treaty provisions. Investment treaty arbitration is conducted pursuant to international arbitral rules, which adopted various aspects of commercial arbitration model, such as the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Arbitration Rules or other sets of rules originally designed for the resolution of commercial disputes, including International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Arbitration and United Nation Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Arbitration Rules. As a result, the principle of confidentiality, strongly embedded in commercial arbitration, has also been largely applicable to investment treaty arbitration.

However, confidentiality of proceedings in investment treaty arbitration has engendered considerable concerns because of the presence of public interest in the dispute, the resolution process of the dispute as well as the outcome of the arbitration. The legitimacy of the system has been challenged for dispensing justice with broad public implications, behind closed door.

Amicus curiae participation was introduced as a part of a transparency effort to mitigate the legitimacy challenges to the investment treaty arbitration mechanism by injecting transparency and accountability into the system. Already an established practice in several domestic and international jurisdictions, amicus curiae participation was introduced in investment treaty arbitration by the seminal case of Methanex Corp. v. United States. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) tribunals acceptance of amicus curiae briefs was followed by the Statement on Non-Disputing Party Participation of the Free Trade Commission, providing a detailed guideline for the receipt of amicus curiae submissions. It set out four criteria with which the tribunals are to consider amicus curiae petitions: (i) the assistance the amicus curiae brief would provide to the tribunal
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dc.description.abstract(ii) the scope of the brief-
dc.description.abstract(iii) the interest of the amicus curiae in the arbitration-
dc.description.abstractand (iv) the public interest of the subject-matter.

The NAFTA experience inspired changes within the ICSID framework. Despite initial inconsistencies in the ICSID tribunals approach to amicus curiae participation, ICSID modified its Arbitration Rules in 2006 to include a specific reference to the practice and prescribe the terms under which tribunals may grant leave to file amicus curiae briefs. The ICSID amendment shares the same requirements as the NAFTA guideline, except for the last criteria of public interest. Since the amendment, a number of tribunals have allowed a diverse range of amici curiae to participate in the proceedings.

Ad hoc arbitration rules in a number of latest generation investment agreements and model BITs have also incorporated the practice of amicus curiae participation. Amendment initiatives have been made within the context of the UNCITRAL although other commercial arbitration institutions have not taken a comparable stride towards relaxation of the confidentiality rule.

Amicus curiae participation in investment treaty arbitration aims to promote systemic legitimacy of the mechanism as well as contributing to the improvement of legal quality of awards and assisting the development of international investment law. Above all, it is a medium through which public interests are represented in the arbitral proceedings. The practice however, is not without negative consequences including the costs associated with the loss of confidentiality, the possibility of procedural inefficiency and impairment of integrity of dispute resolution as well as the deficiency of legitimacy on the part of a prospective amicus curiae. Nevertheless, the shortcomings of amicus curiae participation may be minimized by procedural safeguards adopted by tribunals in order to preserve the efficiency of arbitration and equality of parties.

Balancing the competing interests held by various stakeholders in the arbitration is thus indispensable in consolidating amicus curiae participation as a vital means to enhance the legitimacy of investment treaty arbitration regime. A comprehensive set of formalized criteria which broadens, albeit with caution, amicus curiae participation should be adopted across the board by all investment treaty arbitration frameworks. The systemic approach to amicus curiae participation should, above all, encourage and strengthen the practice, while qualifying the mode of participation to neutralize any potential adverse effects. An institutionalized and predictable process would contribute to the public acceptance and effectiveness of amicus curiae participation and in turn, international treaty arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsTable of Contents

Abstract i

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. LEGITIMACY CHALLENGES IN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION 5
A. Distinctive Features of Investment Treaty Arbitration 7
B. Concerns over the Legitimacy of Investment Treaty Arbitration 12
1. Distinction between investment treaty arbitration and commercial arbitration 12
2. Value of confidentiality and its limitation 15
3. Presence of public interest 16
(a) Types of public interest present in investment disputes 17
(b) Fiscal accountability 18
(c) Value as precedents 19
4. Implication of concerns over legitimacy 20

III. DEVELOPMENT OF AMICUS CURIAE PARTICIPATION IN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION AS A SOLUTION TO THE LEGITIMACY CHALLENGES 21
A. Amicus Curiae Participation as a Means of Enhancing Legitimacy 21
1. Measures to enhance legitimacy in investment treaty arbitration 21
2. Rationale behind amicus curiae participation 22
3. Implications of amicus curiae participation in investment treaty arbitrations 23
B. Evolution of Amicus Curiae Participation in Investment Treaty Arbitration 25
1. NAFTA 26
(a) NAFTA text and legitimacy concerns 28
(b) Methanex Corp. v. United States 29
(c) United States Parcel Services of America v. Canada 35
(d) FTC Statement of 7 October 2003 38
(e) Glamis Gold Ltd v. United States of America 41
(f) Conclusion 45
2. ICSID 45
(a) ICSID texts and legitimacy concerns 45
(b) Aguas del Tunari, S.A. v. Republic of Bolivia 49
(c) Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A., and Vivendi Universal S.A. v. The Argentina (Suez/Vivendi I) 51
(d) Aguas Provinciales de Santa Fe, Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A. and InterAguas Servicios Integrales del Agua S.A. v. Republic of Argentina (Suez/InterAguas) 54
(e) 2006 amendments to the ICSID Rules 56
(f) Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Ltd. v. United Republic of Tanzania 58
(g) Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona, S.A., and Vivendi Universal S.A. v. The Argentina (Suez/Vivendi II) 64
(h) Piero Foresti, Laura de Carli and others v. Republic of South Africa 66
(i) Electrabel S.A. v. Republic of Hungary, AES Summit Generation Limited and AES-Tisza Erőmű Kft. v. Republic of Hungary 69
3. Changes in ad hoc arbitration rules 71
(a) Ad hoc arbitration rules in investment treaties and model BITs 71
i) Bilateral investment agreements 72
ii) Regional investment agreements 76
(b) Ad hoc arbitration rules by commercial arbitration institutions 76
i) UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 76
ii) Other frameworks 83
iii) Conclusion 84
C. Evaluation – Analysis of Amicus Curiae Participation Practice to Date 85
1. Juridical nature of the amicus curiae participation 85
(a) Nature of amicus curiae 85
(b) Forms and contents of amicus curiae participation 85
(c) 'Third-parties' in amicus curiae participation 86
i) NGO involvement 86
ii) Beyond NGOs 88
(d) Arbitral tribunals discretion 90
(e) Functions discharged by amicus curiae participation 91
2. Policy considerations of amicus curiae participation 93
(a) Development as a response to judicialization of investment treaty arbitration 93
(b) Relationship between amicus curiae participation and the consent of the parties 94

IV. IMPLICATIONS OF AMICUS CURIAE PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL TREATY ARBITRATION – BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES 96
A. Negative Consequences and Shortcomings 96
1. Costs associated with loss of confidentiality 96
2. Procedural inefficiency 99
3. Impairment of integrity of dispute resolution 101
4. Legitimacy challenges of amicus curiae 102
B. Rebuttals for Arguments on Negative Consequences and Shortcomings 103
1. Rebuttal for costs associated with the loss of confidentiality 103
2. Rebuttal for procedural inefficiency 106
3. Rebuttal for legitimacy challenges of amicus curiae 107
4. Concerns and solution for minimal impact of amicus curiae participation 108
C. Rationale and Potential Benefits 109
1. Promotion of systemic legitimacy 109
2. Improvement of legal quality of awards and assistance to the development of international investment law 111
3. Protection of public interests 113

V. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND DEVELOPMENTS 115
A. Balancing Competing Interests 115
B. Developing Formalized Criteria for Amicus Curiae Participation 116

VI. CONCLUSION 122

Reference 125

국문초록 135
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dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent1080172 bytes-
dc.format.mediumapplication/pdf-
dc.language.isoen-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectamicus curiae participation-
dc.subjectinvestment treaty arbitration-
dc.subjectpublic interest-
dc.subjectlegitimacy-
dc.titleConsideration of Public Interest in Investor-State Dispute Resolution: Enhancing Systemic Legitimacy through Amicus Curiae Participation-
dc.title.alternative국제투자분쟁해결절차상의 공익적 고려에 관한 연구: 외부조언자 의견제출권을 통한 체계적 정당성 강화를 중심으로-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.description.degreeMaster-
dc.citation.pagesvii, 137-
dc.contributor.affiliation법과대학 법학과-
dc.date.awarded2012-08-
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