Publications

Detailed Information

Anti-obesity Effects of Fermented Ginseng Root and Berry in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet : 고지방 식이 섭취 마우스에서의 발효한 인삼 뿌리와 열매의 항비만 효과

DC Field Value Language
dc.contributor.advisor지근억-
dc.contributor.author이지붕-
dc.date.accessioned2017-10-27T16:59:48Z-
dc.date.available2017-10-27T16:59:48Z-
dc.date.issued2017-08-
dc.identifier.other000000145012-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/137001-
dc.description학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 생활과학대학 식품영양학과, 2017. 8. 지근억.-
dc.description.abstractGinseng has been used as a precious remedy for thousands of years. A review of previous in vitro and in vivo studies reveals that ginseng and ginsenosides, the main bioactive components of ginseng, can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and reduce excess energy consumption via suppressing the over intake of food and retarding pancreatic lipase. The representative ginsenosides in ginseng root are the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type while that in ginseng berry are the protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type. The root and the berry may show a different pattern of activity due to the distinct ginsenoside profiles. Now that the deglycosylated forms of ginsenoside are more easily absorbed and exert more potent bioactivities, it is necessary to transform ginsenosides before oral ingestion. Retarding the digestion and absorption of fats in the intestine reduces energy harvest, which helps to prevent and improve obesity. The present research is aimed to screen various strains of A. niger and A. orzyae in order to transform ginsenosides in ginseng root and ginseng berry, and compare the anti-obesity effects between the root and the berry saponin in the aspects of inhibition on the activity of pancreatic lipase, and regulation of body weight and lipid metabolism in obese mice induced with high-fat diet. The results show that A. niger is more apt to transform the PPD-type ginsenoside to compound K (cK) while A. orzyae is more apt to transform the PPT-type ginsenoside to Rh1. Ginseng root and berry fermented with mycotoxin non-producing A. niger FMB S494 and A. oryzae FMB S247 contains abundant cK and Rh1, respectively. Assay of pancreatic lipase activity shows that the PPD-type ginsenosides possess more potent inhibitory effect than the PPT-type, and that transformation dramatically enhances the inhibitory effects of the root saponin and the berry saponin. Furthermore, HFD-fed mice orally administered with the root saponin have significantly higher levels of triglyceride in their feces. It therefore can be concluded that the root saponin exerts more potent inhibitory effect on the activity of pancreatic lipase than the berry saponin both in vitro and in vivo. Animal study shows that both the saponins significantly suppress body weight gain and improve hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver while only the root saponin significantly attenuates hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Both the root saponin and the berry saponin have a beneficial effect on HFD-induced obesity. Compared to the berry saponin, the root saponin exhibits more potent anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesity effect. However, only the berry saponin significantly inhibits mRNA expression of inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and IL-6 in adipose tissue. Now that cK and Rh1 are respectively the absorptive forms of the PPD-type and the PPT-type ginsenosides, whether they are responsible for the anti-obesity effects of the root saponin and the berry saponin, respectively, needs to be confirmed. Additional animal study shows that both the root saponin and cK significantly reduce excess calorie consumption, body weight gain, food efficiency, fat deposition, and down-regulate the expression of gene Fas in the adipose tissue. It therefore can be concluded that cK is responsible for the anti-obesity activities of fermented ginseng root. The berry saponin also slightly reduces body weight gain, food efficiency, and down-regulates the expression of gene Fas in the adipose tissue while ginsenoside Rh1 only reduces fat deposition, which indicates that there might be other ginsenosides or other active compounds responsible for the anti-obesity effect of fermented ginseng berry. In conclusion, cK and the root saponin respectively show more potent anti-obesity effects than Rh1 and the berry saponin considering their inhibitory effects on the activity of pancreatic lipase, excess food intake, and body weight gain.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsChapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Ginseng and its active components 2
1.1.1 Ginsenosides 3
1.1.1.1 Effects of ginsenosides in the central nervous system 7
1.1.1.2 Effects of ginsenosides in cardiovascular system 8
1.1.1.3 Effects of ginsenosides in immune system 9
1.1.1.4 Mechanisms of ginsenosides 12
1.1.2 Polysaccharide 12
1.1.3 Polyacetylenes 14
1.1.4 Peptides 14
1.1.5 Flavonoids 15
1.2 Ginseng and obesity 16
1.2.1 Effect on food intake 16
1.2.2 Effect on digestion and absorption systems 18
1.2.3 Effect in liver 19
1.2.4 Effect in adipose tissue 24
1.2.5 Effect in skeletal muscle 29
1.2.6 Human study 30
1.2.7 Conclusion 34
1.3 ginseng root and ginseng berry 36
1.4 Transformation of ginsenosides 37
1.4.1 Transformation of ginsenosides by heating 38
1.4.2 Acidic and alkaline cleavage of ginsenosides 39
1.4.3 Microbial transformation of ginsenosides 39
1.4.4 Enzymatic transformation of ginsenosides 40
1.5 Objective of the present research 42
Chapter 2 Fermentation of ginseng root and ginseng berry 44
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Materials and methods 47
2.2.1 Materials and chemicals 47
2.2.2 Fermentation of ginseng berry and ginseng root 47
2.2.3 Preparation of crude saponin samples from fermented ginseng root and berry 48
2.2.4 Analysis of ginsenosides using TLC 48
2.2.5 Analysis of ginsenosides using HPLC 49
2.3 Results and Discussion 50
2.3.1 Screening of fungus 50
2.3.2 Transformation of ginsenosides in ginseng root 53
2.3.3 Transformation of ginsenosides in ginseng berry 59
2.4 Summary 65
Chapter 3 Effects of various ginsenosides and crude saponins isolated from ginseng root and berry on the activity of pancreatic lipase 66
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Materials and Methods 69
3.2.1 Materials and chemicals 69
3.2.2 Activity assay of pancreatic lipase 69
3.2.3 Analysis of triglyceride in feces 70
3.2.4 Statistical analysis 70
3.3 Results and Discussion 71
3.3.1 Effects of various ginsenosides on pancreatic lipase activity 71
3.3.2 Effects of saponins from ginseng root and berry on pancreatic lipase activity 75
3.3.3 Contents of triglyceride in the feces 78
3.4 Summary 80
Chapter 4 Anti-obesity effects of crude saponins isolated from fermented ginseng root and berry 82
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Materials and methods 85
4.2.1 Materials and chemicals 85
4.2.2 Animals and diets 85
4.2.3 Histopathologic evaluation 88
4.2.4 Biochemical analyses 88
4.2.5 Hepatic lipid analyses 88
4.2.6 Real-time polymerase chain reaction 89
4.2.7 Statistical analysis 91
4.3 Results and discussion 92
4.3.1 Effects on food intake and body weight 92
4.3.2 Effects on blood glucose and lipid profiles 95
4.3.3 Effects on lipid metabolism in liver 99
4.3.4 Effects of on the adipose tissue 105
4.4 Summary 108
Chapter 5 Anti-obesity effects of Ginsenoside compound K and Rh1 in obese mice induced with high fat diet 109
5.1 Introduction 110
5.2 Materials and methods 112
5.2.1 Materials 112
5.2.2 Animal and diets 112
5.2.3 Histopathologic evaluation 115
5.2.4 Real-time polymerase chain reaction 115
5.2.5 Statistical analysis 115
5.3 Results 116
5.3.1 Calorie intake and body weight 116
5.3.2 Fat deposition and adipocyte size 123
5.3.3 The expression of lipogenesis-related gene in adipose tissue 127
5.4 Discussion 129
5.5 Summary 132
Chapter 6 Summary and conclusion 134
References 142
국문초록 167
-
dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent2556784 bytes-
dc.format.mediumapplication/pdf-
dc.language.isoen-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectginseng root-
dc.subjectginseng berry-
dc.subjectpancreatic lipase-
dc.subjecthigh-fat diet-
dc.subjectobesity-
dc.subject.ddc641-
dc.titleAnti-obesity Effects of Fermented Ginseng Root and Berry in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet-
dc.title.alternative고지방 식이 섭취 마우스에서의 발효한 인삼 뿌리와 열매의 항비만 효과-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorLI ZHIPENG-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.contributor.affiliation생활과학대학 식품영양학과-
dc.date.awarded2017-08-
Appears in Collections:
Files in This Item:

Altmetrics

Item View & Download Count

  • mendeley

Items in S-Space are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.

Share