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Applications of Designed Nucleases in Various Organisms

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dc.contributor.advisor이형호-
dc.contributor.author이충일-
dc.date.accessioned2020-05-19T07:57:36Z-
dc.date.available2020-05-19T07:57:36Z-
dc.date.issued2020-
dc.identifier.other000000159074-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/167843-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000159074ko_KR
dc.description학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :자연과학대학 화학부,2020. 2. 이형호.-
dc.description.abstractAccording to a development of life technology for industry and medical science, it became clear that genome editing tools will be arisen in the future. Moreover, it is necessary for understanding and finding a way of application in designed nucleases. In agreement with iAccording to a development of life technology for industry and medical science, it became clear that genome editing tools will be arisen in the future. Moreover, it is necessary for understanding and finding a way of application in designed nucleases. In agreement with its need, we can improve living resources and healthy life by utilizing designed nucleases. I have been studying genome editing for an application of various organisms using designed nucleases such as ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR. At the first study, I had modified CMAH gene in pig genome and using its knockout(KO) cells for SCNT. The CMAH gene is related to immune rejection in xenotransplantation. We had aimed to produce null CMAH organ donor pigs using by ZFN and SCNT. We improved efficiency of CMAH gene KO cells by aid of MACS and FACS surrogate reporter systems. Finally we could generate CMAH KO pig blastocysts. In the second study, we utilized TALEN for pig genome editing. In this study we had generated CMAH and GGTA1 gene KO cell lines in immortalized pig fibroblast. We could confirm a development of blastocyst using immortalized CMAH KO cell by SCNT. In the third study, we observed NR gene mutation by delivering Cas9 RNP into the protoplast of petunia. This results could suggest a possibility for gene editing in petunia by Cas9 RNP. At the last study, we showed overcoming premature termination codons (PTCs) which causes genetic defeat in a human genetic diseases. We named this method as for CRISPR-pass and proved its possibility in XPC gene patient-derived fibroblast. In a summary we tried to do gene editing in a various organisms with ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR. At the same time we also tried to help for understanding of designed nuclease and suggested a way of its applications.ts need, we can improve living resources and healthy life by utilizing designed nucleases. I have been studying genome editing for an application of various organisms using designed nucleases such as ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR. At the first study, I had modified CMAH gene in pig genome and using its knockout(KO) cells for SCNT. The CMAH gene is related to immune rejection in xenotransplantation. We had aimed to produce null CMAH organ donor pigs using by ZFN and SCNT. We improved efficiency of CMAH gene KO cells by aid of MACS and FACS surrogate reporter systems. Finally we could generate CMAH KO pig blastocysts. In the second study, we utilized TALEN for pig genome editing. In this study we had generated CMAH and GGTA1 gene KO cell lines in immortalized pig fibroblast. We could confirm a development of blastocyst using immortalized CMAH KO cell by SCNT. In the third study, we observed NR gene mutation by delivering Cas9 RNP into the protoplast of petunia. This results could suggest a possibility for gene editing in petunia by Cas9 RNP. At the last study, we showed overcoming premature termination codons (PTCs) which causes genetic defeat in a human genetic diseases. We named this method as for CRISPR-pass and proved its possibility in XPC gene patient-derived fibroblast. In a summary we tried to do gene editing in a various organisms with ZFN, TALEN and CRISPR. At the same time we also tried to help for understanding of designed nuclease and suggested a way of its applications.-
dc.description.abstract생명과학의 발달이 새로운 산업 동력과 미래의 대체의학으로 떠오름에 따라서 유전자 가위를 통한 생명과학 발달 가능성이 더더욱 명확해 지고 있으며, 또한 유전체에 대한 이해를 바탕으로, 이를 활용하기 위한 방법으로써 유전자 가위의 올바른 활용과 이해가 절실해지고 있다. 이에 따라 다양한 유전자 가위를 다양한 생물체의 유전체 교정에 활용함으로써, 동×식물자원의 유전형질개량을 통한 식량 및 생물자원의 증진과 나아가서는 인간 및 생물자원의 질병치료를 통한 건강한 삶을 만들어 갈 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 목표를 추구하기 위하여 ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR 과 같은 유전자 가위를 다양한 생물체에서 활용해보고자 하였다. 첫번째 연구로써는 ZFN 과 돼지 귀의 피부세포를 이용하여 유전자 교정을 통해 CMAH 유전자가 녹아웃 (Knockout)된 세포를 얻어 돼지의 난자에 체세포 핵 치환 (SCNT)을 통해 CMAH 유전자가 녹아웃 된 돼지를 생산하고자 시도하였다. CMAH 유전자는 이종장기이식에 있어서 면역거부반응을 일으키는 유전자로써 녹아웃을 통해 이종장기이식 시에 면역거부반응을 제거하고자 목표하였다. 녹아웃 세포의 확보 효율을 높이기 위해 FACS 리포터와 MACS 리포터 시스템을 활용하였으며, 이를 통해 CMAH 유전자가 녹아웃된 배아를 확인할 수 있었다. 두번째 연구에서는 TALEN을 이용하여 돼지의 CMAH와 GGTA1유전자를 녹아웃하고자 시도하였으며, 이때에는 돼지의 유전자 교정을 용이하게 하기 위해 돼지 귀의 피부세포를 불멸화 (immortalization)하여 다양한 녹아웃 세포주를 확보하고, 이를 통해 SCNT 후 배아로의 발달 과정을 확인해 볼 수 있었다. 세번째 연구에서는 CRISPR-Cas9 단백질을 페투니아의 원형질체에 전달함으로써 NR gene 이 녹아웃되는 효율을 확인하고자 목표하였으며, Cas9 RNP 전달을 통해 효율적으로 NR gene 이 녹아웃되는 것을 확인하고, 이를 통해 페투니아의 다른 유전자를 녹아웃할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 마지막으로는 CRISPR-Cas9 에 아데닌 탈아미노효소 (adenine deaminase)를 연결한 ABE 를 이용하여 미성숙 종결코돈(premature termination codon)으로 인한 질병을 치료할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. ClinVar 전산망에 있는 유전질활 중 미성숙 종결코돈으로 인한 비율을 확인 후, 이를 극복하기 위해서 CRISPR-pass 방법을 제시하였고, 그 치료 가능성을 XPC gene에 돌연변이가 생긴 환자의 세포에서 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같이 ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR 뿐만 아니라 ABE와 같은 다양한 유전자 가위를 활용하여 동물과 식물 그리고 인간의 유전자 교정을 시도하여, 유전자 가위의 활용과 그 활용방안에 대한 이해를 돕고자 하였다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsPART 1. Applications of designed nucleases: Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN), TAL Effector Nuclease (TALEN) and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 1
Ⅰ. Introduction 2
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 8
1. Production of Mutated Porcine Embryos Using Zinc Finger Nucleases and a Reporter-based Cell Enrichment System 8
a. ZFNs and surrogate reporters 8
b. Preparation of cells and culture conditions 8
c. Plasmid DNAs transfection 8
d. Analysis of mutations 9
e. Production and culture of cloned porcine embryos 9
f. Statistical analysis 10
2. Production of CMAH Knockout Preimplantation Embryos Derived From Immortalized Porcine Cells Via TALE Nucleases 11
a. Chemicals . 11
b. Primary cell culture and maintenance. 11
c. Immortalization 11
d. Doubling time 12
e. Cell size 12
f. PCR 12
g. Sequencing 12
h. Karyotyping 13
i. Single cell colony formation 13
j. Gene expression 14
k. Telomerase activity test 14
l. Nuclear transfer 14
m. CMAH knockout using TALEN and magnetic separation 15
n. T7E1 assay 15
o. Fluorescent PCR 15
p. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting 16
q. Statistical analysis 16
3. Site-directed mutagenesis in Petunia × hybrida protoplast system using direct delivery of purified recombinant Cas9 ribonucleoproteins 16
a. Petunia protoplast preparation 16
b. Recombinant Cas9 Protein and Guide RNA design 17
c. Transfection 17
d. Genomic DNA extraction and T7 endonuclease 1 (T7E1) assay 18
e. Targeted deep sequencing 18
Ⅲ. Results 20
1. Production of Mutated Porcine Embryos Using Zinc Finger Nucleases and a Reporter-based Cell Enrichment System 18
a. Enrichment system for cells containing ZFN-mediated mutations 18
b. Mutations in cloned blastocysts derived from ZFN-treated cells 24
2. Production of CMAH Knockout Preimplantation Embryos Derived From Immortalized Porcine Cells Via TALE Nucleases 27
a. Generation of porcine immortalized cell and analysis of immortalized cells properties 27
b. Preimplantation development of cloned embryos derived from immortalized cells 32
c. CMAH knockout and SCNT 32
d. GGTA1 knockout 43
3. Site-directed mutagenesis in Petunia × hybrida protoplast system using direct delivery of purified recombinant Cas9 ribonucleoproteins 51
a. Efficient protoplast system enhances Cas9 transfection in P. hybrida 51
b. Targeted mutagenesis of NR gene in Petunia protoplast system using direct delivery of RGEN RNPs 52
c. Detection and estimation of Cas9/sgRNA mediated Petunia NR gene mutations. 60
Ⅳ. Discussion 68

PART 2. Application of designed nuclease: Adenine base editor (ABE) 69
Ⅰ. Introduction 70
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 72
1. General Methods and Cloning 72
2. ClinVar Database Analysis 72
3. Cell Culture and Transfection 73
4. EGFP-PTC-KI Cell Lines 74
5. Flow Cytometry 74
6. Targeted Deep Sequencing 74
7. Treatment with Ataluren and Gentamicin 75
8. Western Blotting 75
9. Functional Assessment 75
10. Statistics 76
11. Data Availability 76
Ⅲ. Results 77
1. In Silico Investigation of Applicable Targets for CRISPR-Pass in the ClinVar Database 77
2. Construction of Six KI HeLa Cell Lines Carrying Various Types of PTCs in EGFP Gene 79
3. CRISPR-Pass Rescues the Function of the EGFP Gene in Six KI HeLa Cell Lines 81
4. CRISPR-Pass Rescues the Function of the XPC Gene in Patient-Derived Fibroblasts 91
Ⅳ. Discussion 104

References 106
Abstract in Korean 119
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dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc540-
dc.titleApplications of Designed Nucleases in Various Organisms-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.department자연과학대학 화학부-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.date.awarded2020-02-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000159074-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000042▲000000000044▲000000159074▲-
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