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Research on the functional role of epidermal keratinocytes in inflammatory responses to skin toxicants : 피부독성물질에 대한 표피각질형성세포의 염증 반응 연구

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dc.contributor.advisor노민수-
dc.contributor.author이은영-
dc.date.accessioned2020-10-13T03:41:07Z-
dc.date.available2020-10-13T03:41:07Z-
dc.date.issued2020-
dc.identifier.other000000161433-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/170287-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000161433ko_KR
dc.description학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 약학대학 약학과, 2020. 8. 노민수.-
dc.description.abstractThe skin has been extensively investigated as a physical and immunolog-ical barrier tis-sue to diverse harmful external effects, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, microorganisms, and xenobiotic chemicals such as drugs, pes-ticides, cosmetics, industrial chemicals, and environmental pollutants. Using normal human keratinocytes (NHKs), we investigated the role of epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) in sensing responses to common xenobiotic chemicals in contact with the skin, including formaldehyde, sensitizers, and sunscreen agents, to elucidate molecular pathways of skin responses, as well as identify novel biomarkers in KCs to regulate and ameliorate skin inflammation. It is crucial to understand toxicological mechanisms underlying sub-cytotoxic for-maldehyde, widely present in various types of products at low levels, to inves-tigate the role of NHKs in xenobiotic sensing responses under normal living conditions. In the cellular transsulfuration pathway, sub-cytotoxic formalde-hyde upregulated two enzymes, cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) and cystathi-onine-β-synthase (CBS). We proposed that CTH and CBS may play a role in the resolution of inflammation by suppressing the early pro-inflammatory re-sponses mediated by sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde in NHKs. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) are common inflamma-tory skin disorders. Although ACD and ICD are differentiated based on path-ophysiological backgrounds, both can present similar clinical aspects and his-topathologies. In this study, to elucidate the roles of NHKs in toxicological molecular mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of ACD and ICD, we demonstrated that interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) were commonly altered by both sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and urushiol. IL-8 was upregulated in response to both SLS and urushiol but CXCL14 was down-regulated in NHKs. In a validation study performed using NHKs with OECD TG429 reference chemicals for skin sensitization, 87.5% of the reference sensitizing chemicals significantly induced either CXCL8 upregulation or CXCL14 downregulation, and 62.5% of reference sensitizers downregulated CXCL14 expression. In NHKs, the downregulation of constitutively expressed CXCL14 was regulated by both the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK and Janus kinase 3 (JAK3)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) pathways. Additionally, CXCL14 in NHKs may play important roles in the skin allergic response and could be used as a mechanism-based biomarker to improve the distinction be-tween allergenic sensitizers and non-sensitizers during in vitro skin sensitiza-tion test. Furthermore, we investigated whether phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), playing a well-established role in inflammatory responses in im-mune cells, has a role in the mechanism of BP-3-induced phototoxicity in NHKs. UVB-irradiated BP-3 significantly upregulated PDE4B and pro-inflammatory mediators and downregulated the level of cornified envelope associated proteins.
In conclusion, we proposed novel mechanism-based biomarkers in the xenobiotic sensing response; (1) role of ER-UPR-associated genes and CTB/CTH in inflammation resolution, (2) CXCL14 in the STAT6-dependent pathway as a novel biomarker for the in vitro sensitization test, and (3) PDE4B-related phototoxic mechanism for investigating the structure-toxicity relationship.
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dc.description.abstract피부는 자외선이나 미생물 침입, 외래물질 등 다양한 환경유해인자로부터 물리적, 면역학적 방법으로 인체를 보호하는 장벽 기능을 한다. 이러한 외부 유해인자로 인하여 피부를 보호하기 위하여 제약 및 화장품 산업에서는 피부의 가장 외각층인 각질형성세포에서의 다양한 환경 스트레스 요인에 의한 독성 기전 연구가 활발이 진행하고 있다. 그러나 외인성 자극원으로 유래된 피부 염증 반응에 대한 기전은 아직 완전하게 밝혀져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 외래물질에 의해 유도된 자극에 대한 사람 표피 각질형성세포 내 생체표지자를 발굴하고 작용 기전을 연구하였다. 대기오염이나 다양한 종류의 제품을 통하여 매우 낮은 농도로 인체에 노출되어 염증을 유발하는 formalde-hyde, 피부염을 유도하는 대표 외래물질인 자극원과 항원, 화장품에서 여러가지 부작용을 유발하는 자외선 차단제를 이용하여 외래물질에 의한 각질형성세포의 독성 기전을 확인하고자 하였다.
저농도 formaldehyde에 의한 사람 표피 각질형성세포의 자극 반응에서 유전체 수준에서의 전사체를 이용한 온톨로지 기반 기능 정보 분석을 통해 소포체 미접힘 단백질 반응과 황전환작용 경로와 관련된 CTH와 CBS가 저농도 formaldehyde 처리 독성기전에서 염증유발 사이토카인을 조절하여 염증해소 반응에 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 밝혔다. 또한 CTH와 CBS와 증가와 함께 감소하는 염증유발 사이토카인과 달리 함께 증가하는 VEGF가 염증 반응뿐만 아니라 염증 해소 반응에도 관여할 가능성이 있음을 보였다. 자극원 SLS와 항원 urushiol를 처리한 각질형성세포에서 온톨로지 기반 기능 정보 분석을 한 결과, 염증 조절과 표피 분화 과정에 관련된 DEGs가 증가하였고 세포내 단백질 대사과정과 관련된 DEGs가 유의하게 감소하였음을 확인하였다. 감소된 DEGs 중에서 CXCL14가 피부 감작성 시험에서 유의한 생체표지자임을 밝혔다. OECD TG429 참고 물질을 이용한 확인시험에서, 감작원의 62.5%가 CXCL14를 유의하게 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 염증반응 사이토카인으로 잘 알려져 있는 CXCL8(IL8)의 증가와 CXCL14의 감소를 함께 분석하면, 참고 감작원의 87.5%가 유의하게 CXCL8(IL8)을 증가시키거나 CXCL14를 감소시켰다. 또한 CXCL14의 감소는 각질형성세포에서 MAPK/ERK 경로와 JAK3/STAT6 경로를 통해 조절됨을 밝혔다. 자외선 차단제 중 BP-3와 BP-8는 PDE4B를 유의하게 증가시키지만, PDE4B의 광독성 기전은 잘 알려져 있지 않다. BP-3는 UVB가 조사된 각질성성세포에서 PGE2, TNF α, IL8 등 염증유발 사이토카인을 유의하게 증가시켰고, 표피 장벽에 중요한 역할을 하는 각질외피 단백질의 생성을 영향을 준다는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통하여 PDE4B가 BP-3에 의한 광독성 기전에서 중요한 역할을 할 것임을 확인하였다.
본 연구를 통하여 다양한 외래물질의 독성 반응에서 새로운 생체표지자인 CTH와 CBS의 독성 해소 기전에서의 역할을 발굴하였고, JAK3/STAT6 경로를 통한 CXCL14의 감소가 염증 반응 증가에 관여한다는 것을 밝혔다. 또한 PDE4B가 CREB 인산화 억제를 통하여 염증유발 사이토카인을 증가시키고 표피 장벽을 손상시켜 염증반응이 증가함을 보였다. 또한, 외인성 자극원으로 유래된 염증반응의 기전 연구를 심화하기 위하여 각질생성세포에서 PPAR와 VEGFC, 염증 반응 기전의 연관성에 대한 추가적인 연구를 진행해야 할 것으로 생각된다.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsI. INTRODUCTION 1
1. Molecular response of epidermal keratinocytes to environmental toxicants 1
2. Environmental toxic stimui on the skin 9
II. RESULTS 13
Chapter 1. Effects of formaldehyde in NHKs 13
1. Genome-wide transcription profile in sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde-treated NHKs 13
2. Analysis of DEGs using Gene Ontology (GO) Biological Process (BP) enrichment analysis 19
3. Validation of DEGs in formaldehyde-treated NHKs 21
4. Time course expression profile of CBS, CTH and pro-inflammatory cytokines 24
5. Biological reaction associated with CBS and CTH in the formaldehyde-induced inflammation 25
6. Effects of immune cytokines on CBS and CTH transcription 26
Chapter 2. Effects of sensitizers and non-sensitizers in NHKs 27
1. Genome-wide transcription profile in SLS- or urushiol-treated NHKs 27
2. GO BP enrichment analysis in SLS-induced or urushiol-induced DEGs 41
3. Validation of DEGs in formaldehyde-treated NHKs 43
4. Temporal expression profile of DEGs in NHKs treated with sensitiz-ers and non-sensitizers 45
5. Effects of non-sensitizers and sensitizers on expression of CXCL8 and CXCL14 47
6. Downregulation of CXCL14 related to the JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling path-ways in NHKs 52
Chapter 3. Effects of photoactivated BP-3 in NHKs 54
1. Effects of BP-3 in PDE4B gene transcription by in UVB-irradiated NHKs 54
2. Downregulation of intracellular cAMP signaling in UVB-irradiated NHKs by BP-3 56
3. BP-3 and UVB upregulated PGE2, TNFα, and IL8 in NHKs 57
4. Effects of BP-3 and UVB irradiation to the epidermal differentiation markers expression in NHKs 59
5. The effects of BP-3 in UVB-irradiated NHKs were mediated by PDE4B 61
III. DISCUSSION 64
Chapter 1. Effects of formaldehyde on NHKs 64
Chapter 2. Effects of sensitizers and non-sensitizers in NHKs 69
Chapter 3. Effects of photoactivated BP-3 in NHKs 74
IV. CONCLUSION 78
V. MATERIALS AND METHODS 80
1. Cell culture and cell viability test 80
2. Microarray experiments 80
3. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 81
4. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reac-tion (Q-RT-PCR) 82
5. Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 83
6. Statistical analysis 84
REFERENCES 85
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 99
ORIGINAL ARTICLES 101
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dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectHuman keratinocytes-
dc.subjectGene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis-
dc.subjectCystathi-onine γ-lyase (CTH)-
dc.subjectCystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)-
dc.subjectCXCL14-
dc.subjectInflamma-tion resolution-
dc.subjectAllergic contact dermatitis (ACD)-
dc.subject.ddc615-
dc.titleResearch on the functional role of epidermal keratinocytes in inflammatory responses to skin toxicants-
dc.title.alternative피부독성물질에 대한 표피각질형성세포의 염증 반응 연구-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.department약학대학 약학과-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.date.awarded2020-08-
dc.contributor.major천연물과학전공-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000161433-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000043▲000000000048▲000000161433▲-
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