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Role of toll-like receptor 3 and NF-κB signaling in Schwann cell activation in peripheral nerve injury : 톨유사수용체 3과 NF-κB 신호전달이 말초신경 손상에 의한 슈반세포 활성화에 미치는 영향

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dc.contributor.advisor이성중-
dc.contributor.author이현경-
dc.date.accessioned2017-07-14T05:47:49Z-
dc.date.available2017-07-14T05:47:49Z-
dc.date.issued2014-08-
dc.identifier.other000000021662-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/125168-
dc.description학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 치의학과, 2014. 8. 이성중.-
dc.description.abstract슈반세포는 말초신경계의 교세포로써 신경세포에 수초를 형성하여 지원한다. 말초 신경 손상에 있어서 슈반세포는 Wallerian degeneration과 신경 재생에 필수적이다. 광범위한 연구에도 불구하고, 말초 신경 손상시 슈반세포 활성화의 역할과 기작은 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다.

1장에서, 본 연구자는 톨유사수용체 3 (Toll-like receptor 3: TLR3)에 의해 유도되는 슈반세포 활성화의 기작을 밝혔다. TLR3는 슈반세포에서 본질적으로 발현하였다. 슈반세포는 poly(I:C)의 자극에 의해 iNOS 유전자가 발현함을 확인하였다. 슈반세포주를 이용한 세포내 신호전달 기전 연구에서 poly(I:C)의 자극에 의해 NF-κB, p38, JNK 신호기전의 활성화가 유도됨을 관찰하였다. NF-κB, p38, JNK 신호기전은 poly(I:C)의 자극에 의한 iNOS 유전자 발현에 필요하였다. 하지만, PI3K와 GSK-3β 신호기전은 iNOS 유전자 발현을 억제하고 있었으며, 이러한 과정은 NF-κB와 p38 활성화의 억제 효과와 관련되어 있음을 확인하였다. poly(I:C)의 자극에 의해 생성된 NO는 척수 후근 신경절 (doral root ganglia: DRG)에서 배양한 신경세포의 사멸을 유도함을 발견하였다. 마지막으로, 흰쥐 좌골 신경에 poly(I:C)를 주입하였을 시 iNOS 유전자의 발현이 유도되고, 생체내에서의 말초 신경의 탈수초화가 유도됨을 밝혀냈다.
2장에서는, TLR3에 의한 슈반세포 활성화에서 Vosoactive intenstinal peptide (VIP)의 역할에 대하여 연구하였다. 두 종류의 VIP 수용체인 VPAC1과 VPAC2가 본질적으로 흰쥐의 슈반세포에서 발현함을 확인하였다. 슈반세포에 VIP를 전처리 후 TLR3에 의해 유도되는 iNOS 유전자 발현과 NO 생성이 억제됨을 관찰하였다. 세포내 신호전달 기전 연구에서 VIP의 효과는 PKA 활성화와 관련되어 있음을 검증하였다. 또한, VIP는 poly(I:C)의 자극에 의해 유도되는 p38의 활성화와 그로인한 iNOS 유전자 발현을 억제시킴을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 활성화된 슈반세포에서 생성된 NO에 의한 DRG 신경세포의 사멸을 억제함을 밝혔다.
3장에서는, 신경 재생에 있어서 슈반세포에서의 NF-κB 신호기전의 in vivo 역할을 밝히고자 하였다. 슈반세포에서의 NF-κB 신호기전의 역할을 연구하기 위하여 슈반세포 특이적인 Ikkβ 유전자 변형 생쥐 (Ikkβf/f/CNPcre)를 생산하였다. 슈반세포 특이적-Ikkβ유전자 변형 생쥐 (Ikkβf/f/CNPcre+/-)에서 일차 배양한 슈반세포의 Ikkβ 유전자 결실이 대조군에 비해 95% 이상 감소함을 검증하였다. 좌골 신경 손상 후 Ikkβf/f/CNPcre+/- 생쥐는 대조군에 비하여 수초를 형성하고 있는 axon의 재생 수가 감소하여 있고, 신경 재생이 지연되어 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, Ikkβf/f/CNPcre+/- 생쥐의 손상 부위에서 대조군과 비교하여 대식세포의 축적이 증가하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 생체 내와 생체 외의 슈반세포에서 염증성 인자와 신경 재생 혹은 재수초화에 관여하는 MBP 유전자 발현을 관찰하였다. 좌골 신경 손상에 의한 신경 재생 혹은 재수초화 관련 유전자 발현이 대조군보다 실험준에서 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 게다가, 신경 성장 인자들에 의한 슈반세포의 이동이 NF-κB 억제제에 의해 현저하게 저해됨은 밝혔다.

이상의 연구를 통하여, TLR3에 의해 유도되는 슈반세포 활성화는 iNOS 의해 유도되는 Wallerian degeneration과 DRG 신경세포 사멸에 기여한다는 것을 제시하였다. 게다가, VIP는 신경독성적인 슈반세포의 활성화 억제를 통해 신경 보호 역할을 한다. 마지막으로, NF-κB 의존적인 슈반세포의 활성화는 말초 신경 손상 수 Wallerian degeneration과 신경 재생에 필여하다는 것을 밝혔다. 위 연구 결과들은 슈반세포의 TLR3 혹은 NF-κB 의존적인 선천적 면역 반응에 있어서 외부독성 자극과 외상 손상으로 인한 말초신경 손상의 효과적인 치료 처지가 될 것을 시사 하였다.
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dc.description.abstractSchwann cells are glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that support neurons by forming myelin. In peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells are essential for the Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration. Despite extensive researche, the role and mechanism of Schwann cell activation in peripheral nerve damage have not been well elucidated.

In chapter 1, I elucidated the mechanism of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-induced Schwann cell activation. I found that TLR3 was constitutively expressed in Schwann cells. Stimulation with a poly(I:C) induced the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene in Schwann cells. Studies on the intracellular signal transduction pathways using an immortalized Schwann cell line revealed that dsRNA induces the activation of NF-κB, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The activation of NF-κB, p38, JNK, and dsRNA-dependent protein kinase is required for the dsRNA-mediated iNOS gene expression. However, the activation of PI3 kinase and GSK-3β inhibited iNOS gene induction, a process mediated by their inhibitory effects on NF-κB and p38 activation. The dsRNA-induced NO production caused neuronal cell death in cultured dorsal root ganglion. Finally, I observed that the introduction of dsRNA into the rat sciatic nerve induced iNOS gene expression and peripheral nerve demyelination in vivo.
In chapter 2, I investigated the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in TLR3-mediated Schwann cell activation. In this study, I found that two VIP receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2 were constitutively expressed in rat Schwann cells. VIP pretreatment inhibited TLR3-induced iNOS gene expression and NO production in Schwann cells. Studies on the intracellular signal transduction pathways indicate that the VIP effect is mediated by protein kinase A activation. VIP also inhibited the poly(I:C)-induced p38 activation that is responsible for the iNOS gene expression in Schwann cells. Finally, VIP inhibited dorsal root ganglion neuronal cell death caused by NO produced in activated Schwann cells.
In chapter 3, I studied the in vivo role of NF-κB signaling in Schwann cells in nerve regeneration. For this study, I generated a Schwann cell-specific Ikkβ gene conditional knockout mouse (Ikkβf/f/CNPcre+/-
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dc.description.abstractcKO). This deletion reduced IKKβ activity in cultured primary Schwann cells by up to 95% compared with Ikkβf/f (wild-type-
dc.description.abstractwt). After sciatic nerve crush, cKO mice showed a reduced number of regenerating myelinated axons and delayed sciatic nerve regeneration compared with wt mice. Also, injury sites of cKO mice increased the number of accumulated macrophages compared with wt mice. I also examined the expression of nerve myelination-associated genes such as MBP in Schwann cells in vivo. The sciatic nerve injury-induced nerve myelination-associated gene expression was reduced in cKO mice. Furthermore, migration of Schwann cells on neuronal growth factors was dramatically decreased their migration compared with imhibited NF-κB signaling.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that TLR3-mediated Schwann cell activation contributes to iNOS-induced Wallerian degeneration and DRG neuronal cell death. In addition, VIP exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting neurotoxic Schwann cell activation. Finally, NF-κB-dependent Schwann cell activation is required for Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. These results suggest that targeting TLR3- and/or NF-κB- dependent innate immune response in Schwann cells may be an effective therapeutic treatment in peripheral nerve damage due to excitotoxic stimuli and traumatic injury.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsCONTENTS

ABSTRACT............................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES...................................... ................ix
BACKGROUND.......................................................... 2
1. Peripheral Nerve Injury........................................ 2
1.1. Wallerian degeneration......................................... 2
1.2. Peripheral nerve regeneration................................ 4
2. Toll-Like Recetors................................................ 5
2.1. TLRs expression in nervous system...................... 7
2.2. TLRs expression in Schwann cells........................ 8
2.2. TLRs in peripheral nerve injury.............. ................9
PURPOSE................................................................. 15

CHAPTER 1
Role of toll-like receptor 3 in Schwann cell activation during Wallerian degeneration

ABSTRACT............................................................... 17
INTRODUCTION........................................................ 18
MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................... 20
Reagents and Antidodies............................................ 20
Cell Culture............................................................... 21
Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry........ 21
RT-PCR and Real-time RT-PCR.................................. 22
Nitrite Assay............................................................. 23
Western Blot Analysis................................................ 24
Lactate Dehydrogenas (LDH) Release Assay ................24
Poly(I:C) Injections in the Rat Sciatic Nerves and Histochemistry...........................................................25
Statistical Analysis..................................................... 26
RESULTS.................................................................. 27
TLR3 is constitutively expressed in Schwann cells........ 27
TLR3 stimulation induces iNOS gene expression and NO production in Schwann cells....................................... 27
dsRNA stimulation activates NF-κB, p38, and JNK in iSC.......................................................................... 28
The activation of NF-κB, p38, JNK, and PKR is required for the expression of the iNOS gene in Schwann cells........ 29
PI3 kinase and GSK-3β inhibit dsRNA-mediated NF-κB and p38 activation and iNOS gene expression in Schwann cells......................................................................... 29
dsRNA-mediated NO production induces DRG neuronal death........................................................................ 30
dsRNA induces iNOS gene expression and peripheral nerve demyelination in vivo......................................... 32
DISCUSSION..............................................................47

CHAPTER 2
Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in toll-like receptor 3 mediared Schwann cell activation and sensory neuronal cell death

ABSTRACT............................................................... 53
INTRODUCTION......................................................... 54
MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................... 56
Cell Cultures............................................................. 56
RT-PCR and Real-time RT-PCR.................................. 57
Immunocytochemistry ................................................58
Nitrite Assay............................................................. 58
Western Blot Analysis................................................ 59
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Release Assay.............. 59
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-mediated Deoxyuridine Triphosphate–Biotin Nick end Labeling (TUNEL) Staining....................................................... 60
Statistical Analysis..................................................... 61
RESULTS.................................................................. 62
VIP receptors are expressed in Schwann cells............. 62
VIP inhibits poly(I:C)-induced iNOS gene expression and NO production in Schwann cells.................................. 62
VIP exerts its inhibitory effects via cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and inhibition of poly(I:C)-induced p38 activation.................................................................. 63
VIP attenuates the neurotoxic activity of poly(I:C)-stimulated Schwann cells........................................... 64
poly(I:C)-activated Schwann cells induce apoptotic DRG neuronal death.......................................................... 65
DISCUSSION............................................................. 77

CHAPTER 3
Role of NF-κB activation in Schwann cells in nerve regeneration

ABSTRACT............................................................... 82
INTRODUCTION........................................................ 84
MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................... 86
Generation of Schwann cell-specific Ikkβ conditional knockout mice (Ikkβf/f/CNPcre+/-
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dc.description.tableofcontentscKO)...................... 86
Cell Cultures............................................................. 86
Deletion of the Ikkβf/fAllele at the Genomic Level....... 88
Peripheral Nerve Crush Injury Model............................ 89
Histological Study...................................................... 89
Immunohistochemistry............................................... 90
Real-Time RT-PCR.................................................... 90
Transwell Migration Assay......................................... 91
Statistical Analysis..................................................... 92
RESULTS.................................................................. 93
Generation of Ikkβf/f/CNPcre conditional knockout mice. 93
Ikkβf/f/CNPcre+/- mice show delayed nerve repair after peripheral nerve injury ................................................94
NF-κB activation in Schwann cells contributes to macrophage infiltration and axonal regrowth after peripheral nerve injury................................................................94
NF-κB activation in Schwann cells is required for nerve remyelination after peripheral nerve injury..................... 95
Nerve growth factor-induced Schwann cell migration is reduced in cKO mice................................................. 95
DISCUSSION............................................................. 107

REFERENCES........................................................... 111
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN.............................................. 131
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dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent2600308 bytes-
dc.format.mediumapplication/pdf-
dc.language.isoko-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectSchwann cells-
dc.subjectToll-like receptor 3-
dc.subjectNF-κB-
dc.subjectiNOS-
dc.subjectVIP-
dc.subjectWallerian degernation-
dc.subjectNeuronal cell death-
dc.subjectAxonal regeneration-
dc.subject.ddc617-
dc.titleRole of toll-like receptor 3 and NF-κB signaling in Schwann cell activation in peripheral nerve injury-
dc.title.alternative톨유사수용체 3과 NF-κB 신호전달이 말초신경 손상에 의한 슈반세포 활성화에 미치는 영향-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.citation.pagesx, 133-
dc.contributor.affiliation치과대학 치의학과-
dc.date.awarded2014-08-
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