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Systematic Study on Psyllids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea) in Korea with Discussion on Their Phylogenetic Relationships : 한국 나무이(노린재목: 나무이상과)의 계통분류 및 계통관계 고찰

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dc.contributor.advisor이승환-
dc.contributor.author조건호-
dc.date.accessioned2019-05-07T05:49:25Z-
dc.date.available2021-04-13T06:23:11Z-
dc.date.issued2019-02-
dc.identifier.other000000153914-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/152156-
dc.description학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부, 2019. 2. 이승환.-
dc.description.abstract본 연구는 한국 나무이의 전반적인 재조명을 목적으로, 이들의 계통분류를 위해 i) 최근의 광범위한 야외 채집 및 국내외 박물관 표본 검토를 통한 생물다양성 확인, ii) 정확한 종 동정을 위한 효율적이고 빠른 컴퓨터 분석 방법 반영, iii) 진화 및 응용 연구의 새로운 통찰을 위한 최신의 분자 계통분류학적 방법론을 적용하고자 하였다.

본 학위 논문은 한국 나무이 연구의 진보를 위해 계통분류와 연관된 모든 분야를 다루었으며 주목적으로 i) 한반도에 서식하는 나무이상과의 분류학적 재검토, ii) DNA 바코드를 통한 표형적 가소성과 오동정으로 인한 분류학적 혼란 및 계절적 이형성 종들의 확증, iii) 나무이상과 내부 상위 분류군들 사이의 계통 관계 이해를 위한 분자 계통분석 및 최근의 2012년 형태 분류체계 가설 및 2018년 계통유전체 분석과의 비교 논의가 있다.

상세하고 종합적인 조사를 통해, 한반도에서 나무이상과는 총 7과 29속 112종이 서식함을 확인하였다. 분류학적 연구에서 1신속, 6신종, 1 미기록 과, 3 미기록 아과, 7 미기록 속, 30 미기록 종, 8 오동정 종 수정, 1 동종이명 속, 22 동종이명 종, 3 종의 stat. rev.를 새로 보고하였다. 한국 나무이의 과, 속, 종의 분류검색표, 진단형질, 기재문, 도판, 기주식물 및 분포와 같은 생물학적 정보를 제공하였다.

총 4개의 미토콘드리아 유전자 부위 (COI 658 bp, COI 403 bp, COI-tRNAleu-COII, 16S rDNA)를 이용한 배나무이의 DNA 바코드를 통해 계절적 이형성 및 과거의 오동정 종들을 수정 및 확증하였다. 유럽산 배나무이는 동아시아에 존재하지 않았다. 모든 종과 유전자 부위에서 동정 효율성은 아주 높았으며 상당한 수준의 바코드 갭을 확인하였다. 분석 결과, Cacopsylla 속 내의 아속 분류에 대한 계통적인 명확한 근거를 찾을 수 없었으며 따라서 과거의 동종이명 처리는 지지되었다.

나무이는 전세계에서 심각한 일부 해중 종들로 유명하지만 그들의 계통관계에 대한 이해는 최근까지 아주 미약하였다. 본 연구에서 나무이상과 내부의 상위 분류체계 및 계통 관계를 여러 유전자 염기서열과 계통학적인 분석방법을 이용하여 재구축하였다. 최근의 형태 분류체계 가설 및 계통유전체 분석과 전체적으로 부합하는 결론을 얻었으나 일부 분류군은 상충하였다. 결과를 바탕으로 나무이의 초기 분화 및 진화에 대한 추론 및 가설을 제시하였다.
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dc.description.abstractThe goal of researching the Korean Psylloidea is to achieve a total overview of the species that have been described or undescribed in the target group. The systematics of Korean Psylloidea relies on three main pillars which are i) an extensive recently collected material and specimens preserved in collections for biodiversity, ii) an efficient and fast computational analytic methods for accurate species identification and iii) an application of up to date molecular phylogenetic approaches to providing new insights for both evolutionary and applied research.

This thesis is devoted to the advances in Korean Psylloidea to address all the aspects related to systematics with the main goals of i) the taxonomic review of superfamily Psylloidea in the Korean Peninsula, ii) the correction of taxonomic confusions caused by phenetic plasticity or misidentification and confirmation of seasonal forms through DNA barcoding and iii) the molecular phylogeny of Psylloidea to elucidate the higher-level phylogenetic relationships among the families and subfamilies of the superfamily Psylloidea and to discuss our molecular phylogeny in the context of the most recent morphology classification hypothesis in 2012 and phylogenomic analyses in 2018.

Through the detailed and comprehensive study, a total of 112 species in 7 families and 29 genera of Psylloidea are recognized from Korean Peninsula. During the taxonomic study, 1 new genus, 6 new species, newly recorded 1 family and 3 subfamilies, 7 newly recorded genera, 30 newly recorded species, 8 corrections of misidentification, synonymised 1 genus and 22 species, and 3 species stat. rev. were investigated. Keys to families, genera, and species, diagnosis, descriptions, host plants, distributions, illustrations and biological notes are provided for all known available species.

The DNA barcoding of pear psyllids using four mitochondrial gene fragments (COI 658 bp, COI 403 bp, COI-tRNAleu-COII and 16S rDNA) confirms the previously suggested synonymies based on morphology of the seasonal forms of Cacopsylla jukyungi (= C. cinereosignata, winter form) and C. maculatili (= C. qiuzili, summer form). The previous misidentifications (C. chinensis from Japan and Korea = misidentification of C. jukyungi
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dc.description.abstractC. pyricola and C. pyrisuga from East Asia = misidentification of C. jukyungi and C. burckhardti, respectively-
dc.description.abstractC. pyricola from Iran = misidentification of C. bidens, C. pyri, Cacopsylla sp.) are also corrected and confirmed. There is no evidence for the presence of European pear psyllids in East Asia. The identification efficiency was notably high and considerable barcoding gaps are observed in all markers with criteria. There is no clear phylogenetic pattern between the analyses but none of the previously used subgenera of Cacopsylla were monophyletic. Their synonymy is, therefore, supported.

Jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) are known for a few deleterious pest species worldwide, yet the phylogeny of the group has been poorly understood until very recently. Here, we reconstructed the higher-level phylogeny for the superfamily Psylloidea based on multi-locus DNA sequences, three mitochondrial (COI-tRNAleu-COII, 12S, 16S) and five nuclear (18S, 28S D2, 28S D3, 28S D6–7a, 28S D9–10) gene fragments, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic frameworks. Our results are largely congruent with the recent phylogenomic study and mostly support the prior classification of Psylloidea based mainly on morphology, even though there was some discordance in relationships within some groups. We present specific discussions for each group of interest recovered in our phylogenetic analysis.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsCONTENTS



ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF TABLES xii



PART I. Taxonomic review of the superfamily Psylloidea (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) in the Korean Peninsula 1

1. Abstract 1

2. Introduction 3

2.1. Biology of jumping plant-lice 5

2.2. Systematics 12

2.3. Economic significance 20

2.4. Historical review 22

3. Material and methods 27

3.1. Collection and preservation 27

3.2. Morphology and terminology 32

4. Results 40

4.1. Checklist of the Psylloidea in the Korean Peninsula 43

4.2. Systematic accounts 52

Key to families of superfamily Psylloidea in Korea 52

Family Aphalaridae Löw, 1879 53

Key to subfamilies and genera of family Aphalaridae in Korea 54

Subfamily Aphalarinae Löw, 1879 55

Genus Aphalara Foerster, 1848 55

Key to species of genus Aphalara in Korea 56

Genus Craspedolepta Enderlein, 1921 72

Key to species of genus Craspedolepta in Korea 73

Genus Rhodochlanis Loginova, 1964 89

Subfamily Pachypsyllinae Crawford, 1914 95

Genus Celtisapis Yang & Li, 1982 95

Subfamily Rhinocolinae Vondráček, 1957 99

Genus Rhusaphalara Park & Lee, 1982 100

Subfamily Togepsyllinae Bekker-Migdosova, 1973 104

Genus Togepsylla Kuwayama, 1931 104

Family Calophyidae Vondráček, 1957 109

Key to subfamilies and genera of family Calophyidae in Korea 109

Subfamily Calophyinae Vondráček, 1957 109

Genus Calophya Löw, 1879 110

Key to species of genus Calophya in Korea 111

Subfamily Metapsyllinae Kwon, 1983 134

Genus Metapsylla Kuwayama, 1908 135

Family Carsidaridae Crawford, 1911 138

Genus Carsidara Walker, 1869 138

Family Homotomidae Heslop-Harrison, 1958 145

Key to subfamilies, tribes, and genera of family Homotomidae in Korea 146

Subfamily Homotominae Heslop-Harrison, 1958 147

Tribe Homotomini Heslop-Harrison, 1958 147

Genus Homotoma Guérin-Méneville, 1844 147

Subfamily Macrohomotominae White & Hodkinson, 1985 152

Tribe Phytolymini White & Hodkinson, 1985 152

Genus Moriphila Burckhardt & Cho, 2018 152

Family Liviidae Löw, 1879 160

Key to subfamilies and genera of family Liviidae in Korea 161

Subfamily Euphyllurinae Crawford, 1914 162

Tribe Euphyllurini Crawford, 1914 162

Genus Ligustrinia Loginova, 1973 162

Genus Syringilla Loginova, 1967 164

Subfamily Liviinae Löw, 1879 170

Genus Livia Latreille, 1802 170

Key to species of genus Livia in Korea 171

Genus Syntomoza Enderlein, 1921 177

Family Psyllidae Latreille, 1807 182

Key to subfamilies and genera of family Psyllidae in Korea 182

Subfamily Acizziinae White & Hodkinson, 1985 184

Genus Acizzia Heslop-Harrison, 1961 184

Key to species of genus Acizzia in Korea 185

Subfamily Macrocorsinae Vondráček, 1963 196

Genus Colophorina Capener, 1973 196

Key to species of genus Colophorina in Korea 197

Genus Epiacizzia Li, 2002 205

Subfamily Psyllinae Latreille, 1807 209

Genus Anomoneura Schwarz, 1896 210

Genus Cacopsylla Ossiannilsson, 1970 219

Key to species of genus Cacopsylla in Korea 220

Genus Cyamophila Loginova, 1976 389

Key to species of genus Cyamophila in Korea 390

Genus Psylla Geoffroy, 1762 402

Genus Spanioneura Foerster, 1848 407

Family Triozidae Löw, 1879 412

Key to genera of Triozidae in Korea 412

Genus Bactericera Puton, 1876 413

Key to species of genus Bactericera in Korea 415

Genus Eotrioza Konovalova, 1987 444

Genus Epitrioza Kuwayama, 1910 448

Key to species of genus Epitrioza in Korea 449

Genus Heterotrioza Dobreanu & Manolache, 1960 456

Genus Trichochermes Kirkaldy, 1904 462

Genus Trioza Foerster, 1848 466

Key to species of genus Trioza in Korea 468

5. Discussion and conclusion 513

5.1. Diversity 513

5.2. Biogeography 514

5.3. Host plant relationships 517



PART II. Molecular identification of pear psyllids 519

1. Abstract 519

2. Introduction 520

3. Material and methods 522

3.1. Sampling, identification and data acquisition 522

3.2. DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing 522

3.3. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis 523

3.4. Barcode data analysis and species delimitation 523

4. Results 531

5. Discussion and conclusion 538



PART III. Higher-level molecular phylogeny of jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea) 543

1. Abstract 543

2. Introduction 544

3. Material and methods 552

3.1. Taxon sampling 552

3.2. DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and alignment 557

3.3. Phylogenetic analyses 560

4. Results 561

5. Discussion 565

5.1. Early diversification of extant Psylloidea and the status of Aphalaridae 566

5.2. Polyphyly of Calophyidae and the status of Mastigimatinae 569

5.3. Systematic relationships within Psyllidae 571

6. Conclusion 572



REFERENCES 575



Appendix 1. Habitus 621

Appendix 2. Line drawings 644

Appendix 3. Slide-mounted figures 662

Appendix 4. Measurements and ratios. Measurements are given in millimeters 809

Appendix 5. Best ML and Bayesian trees. (A) the bootstrap pseudoreplicates (BS)
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dc.description.tableofcontents(B) the ultrafast bootstrap pseudoreplicates (UFBoots)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(C) the Shimodaira-Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(D) a majority-rule 50% consensus Bayesian inference (BI) tree 825



LIST OF FIGURES



FIGURE 1. Classification of Psylloidea. (A) Vondráček (1957)
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dc.description.tableofcontents(B) Becker-Migdisova (1973) 13

FIGURE 2. Classification of Psylloidea. (A) White & Hodkinson (1985)
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dc.description.tableofcontents(B) Burckhardt & Ouvrard (2012) 14

FIGURE 3. A map of South Korea with provincial abbreviations 29

FIGURES 4–5. General morphology of jumping plant-lice. 4. Adult, Psylla alniformosanaesuga. 5. Fifth instar immature, Cacopsylla sandolbaea 34

FIGURES 6–7. Head and forewing of Cacopsylla araliae with guide to measurements and terminology. 6. Head, dorsal view. 7. Forewing, dashed line represents the surface spinule area. Scale = 0.1 mm 35

FIGURES 8–9. Terminalia of Cacopsylla araliae with terminology. 8. Male terminalia, lateral view. 9. Female terminalia, lateral view. Scale = 0.1 mm 36

FIGURE 10. Biogeography of East Asian flora (Chang, 2016). (A) East Asia
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dc.description.tableofcontents(B) Amura-
dc.description.tableofcontents(C) North Chinese-
dc.description.tableofcontents(D) CJK 515

FIGURE 11. Habitus of seasonally dimorphic polyvoltine pear psyllids. a: Cacopsylla jukyungi (summer form)
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dc.description.tableofcontentsb: C. jukyungi (winter form)-
dc.description.tableofcontentsc: C. maculatili (summer form)-
dc.description.tableofcontentsd: C. maculatili (winter form) 521

FIGURE 12. Neighbor-joining trees based on K2P parameter genetic distances. a: COI
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dc.description.tableofcontentsb: COI-tRNAleu-COII sequences-
dc.description.tableofcontentsc: 16S rDNA. *Bootstrap support values are shown at the branch points and are based on 1,000 replications 532

FIGURE 13. Frequency distribution of the intra- and interspecific K2P distance divergences for congeneric sequences. a: COI 658 bp
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dc.description.tableofcontentsb: COI 403 bp-
dc.description.tableofcontentsc: COI-tRNAleu-COII (K2P)-
dc.description.tableofcontentsd: 16S rDNA 533

FIGURE 14. Habitus photographs of live specimens representing main lineages of Psylloidea. (A) Aphalara freji, South Korea (Aphalaridae: Aphalarinae)
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dc.description.tableofcontents(B) Celtisaspis japonica, South Korea (Aphalaridae: Pachypsyllinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(C) Rhusaphalara minimia, South Korea (Aphalaridae: Rhinocolinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(D) Homotoma unifasciata, South Korea (Homotomidae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(E) Carsidara limbata, South Korea (Carsidaridae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(F) Syringilla humerosa, South Korea (Liviidae: Euphyllurinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(G) Livia khaziensis, South Korea (Liviidae: Liviinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(H) Calophya shinjii, South Korea (Calophyidae: Calophyinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(I) Cecidopsylla schimae, Laos (Calophyidae: Mastigimatinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(J) Trioza cinnamomi, South Korea (Triozidae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(K) Acizzia sasakii, South Korea (Psyllidae: Acizziinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(L) Yangus sp., Myanmar (Psyllidae: Aphalaroidinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(M) Heteropsylla cubana, Laos (Psyllidae: Ciriacreminae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(N) Colophorina robinae, South Korea (Psyllidae: Macrocorsinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(O) Psylla alniformosanaesuga, South Korea (Psyllidae: Psyllinae)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(P) Pseudophacopteron tuberculatum, Laos (Phacopteronidae) 545

FIGURE 15. Previous and current hypotheses of Psylloidea classification. (A) Vondráček (1957)
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dc.description.tableofcontents(B) Becker-Migdisova (1973)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(C) White & Hodkinson (1985)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(D) Li (2011)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(E) Burckhardt & Ouvrard (2012)-
dc.description.tableofcontents(F) Percy et al. (2018) 549

FIGURE 16. A majority-rule 50% consensus BI tree of Psylloidea with four support values (BS, UFBoots, SH-aLRT, PP), a resulting from a partitioned analyses of concatenated DNA sequence data from eight gene fragments (COI-tRNAleu-COII, 12S, 16S, 18S, 28S D2, 28S D3, 28S D6–7a, 28S D9–10). Bootstrap values less than 50% are omitted and the branches supports are also presented in 2 × 2 color-coded boxes in major nodes. Information on the current classification of Psylloidea is provided on the right side 562



LIST OF TABLES



TABLE 1. Various classifications of the superfamily Psylloidea 16

TABLE 2. The host plants of the Korean Psylloidea 506

TABLE 3. Comparison of recorded species, genera numbers and areas between World and East Asian countries 514

TABLE 4. Pear psyllids sequences of COI-tRNAleu-COII, COI658, COI403, and 16S rDNA used in the DNA barcoding analyses 525

TABLE 5. Primers and PCR conditions used in the DNA barcoding analyses 530

TABLE 6. Intraspecific and interspecific K2P distance of tested species (COI-tRNAleu-COII/ COI658/ COI403/ 16S rDNA) 534

TABLE 7. Results of the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analyses (COI-tRNAleu-COII, COI and 16S rDNA). *X = relative gap width
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dc.description.tableofcontentsSimple = p-distance-
dc.description.tableofcontentsJC69 = Jukes-Cantor substitution model-
dc.description.tableofcontentsK80 = Kimura 2-parameter substitution model 537

TABLE 8. Taxa used in the molecular phylogenetic analyses with collecting location, GenBank accession numbers, and identifier 553

TABLE 9. Primers and PCR conditions used in the molecular phylogenetic analyses 559
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dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc630-
dc.titleSystematic Study on Psyllids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea) in Korea with Discussion on Their Phylogenetic Relationships-
dc.title.alternative한국 나무이(노린재목: 나무이상과)의 계통분류 및 계통관계 고찰-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorGeonho Cho-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.contributor.affiliation농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부-
dc.date.awarded2019-02-
dc.contributor.major곤충학 전공-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000153914-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000026▲000000000039▲000000153914▲-
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