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Development of Catalytic Reactions of Imines via Isocyanide Activation and Methanol Dehydrogenation
아이소사이아나이드 활성화 및 메탄올 탈수소화를 통한 이민의 촉매 반응 개발

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dc.contributor.advisorHong, Soon Hyeok-
dc.contributor.author김석순-
dc.date.accessioned2019-05-07T07:03:41Z-
dc.date.available2019-05-07T07:03:41Z-
dc.date.issued2019-02-
dc.identifier.other000000153682-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/152961-
dc.description학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 자연과학대학 화학부, 2019. 2. Hong, Soon Hyeok .-
dc.description.abstractThe imine, which contains a double bond between carbon and nitrogen, is a fundamental functional group in organic chemistry. Its innate electrophilic character has been extensively studied, especially in carbon–carbon bond formation. The development of transition metal catalysis has further enriched imine chemistry. This thesis describes catalytic reactions of imines via two different strategies.

Part I introduces isocyanide chemistry and its applications to N-aryl/alkyl-β-enaminonitrile synthesis. A brief overview of activation strategies for isocyanides and representative examples, along with their history, characteristics, and physical properties, is presented in Chapter 1. An adaption of the transition-metal-catalyzed migratory insertion of an isocyanide in the synthesis of N-aryl/alkyl-β-enaminonitrile is introduced in Chapter 2. The use of isocyanide as a nitrogen source enabled access to a broad substrate scope with good functional group tolerance. An imine-like species, the imidoyl copper intermediate, participates in the reaction.

Part II describes the synthetic application of methanol as a C1 source and the (amino)methylation of phenol derivatives with methanol. In industry, carbon monoxide plays a crucial role in raw materials synthesis, despite its toxicity and flammability. In recent decades, methanol has attracted great attention as an alternative C1 feedstock due to its safety and potential renewability. In Chapter 3, transition-metal-catalyzed methods for the dehydrogenative activation of alcohols, along with the distinct features of methanol compared to higher alcohols, are reviewed. Then, state-of-art examples of the dehydrogenative activation of methanol are summarized. Chapter 4 describes the aminomethylation and methylation of phenol derivatives with methanol and amines. Methanol is dehydrogenated by a ruthenium pincer catalyst, and the resulting formaldehyde condenses with amines to form imines. The different reactivity of this transformation with different substrates was thoroughly investigated.
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dc.description.abstract이민은 탄소 원자와 질소 원자 사이에 이중 결합을 가지고 있는 구조로써 유기화학의 기초적인 작용기이다. 이민이 내재하고 있는 친전자적 특성을 활용한 반응성이 폭넓게 연구되었으며, 특히 다양한 탄소-탄소 결합 생성 반응이 개발되었다. 전이금속 촉매의 발전은 이민의 활용도를 더욱 높였다. 이 논문에서는 두 가지 서로 다른 전략을 활용한 이민의 촉매 반응에 대해 기술한다.

파트 1은 아이소사이아나이드 화학과 이를 활용한 N-아릴/알킬-β-엔아미노나이트릴 합성법에 대해 소개한다. 1장에서는 아이소사이아나이드의 역사 및 특성, 물리적 성질에 대해 설명하며, 아이소사이아나이드의 활성화 전략을 대표적인 예시와 함께 개괄한다. 2장에서는 전이금속 촉매의 아이소사이아나이드의 이동 삽입을 적용하여 N-아릴/알킬-β-엔아미노나이트릴의 합성법을 개발한 사례를 소개한다. 아이소사이아나이드를 질소 재료로 사용하여 폭넓은 기질에서 다양한 작용기로부터 방해를 받지 않고 반응이 수행될 수 있었다. 이민과 유사한 구조를 가지는 이미도일 구리 중간체가 반응에 참여한다.

파트 2는 메탄올을 C1 재료로 활용한 합성 사례와 메탄올을 이용한 페놀 유도체의 (아미노)메틸화반응을 서술한다. 일산화탄소는 독성과 가연성을 가졌음에도 불구하고 산업 원자재 합성에서 핵심적인 역할을 한다. 최근 메탄올은 안전성과 잠재적 재생가능성으로 인해 대안적인 C1 재료로 큰 주목을 받고 있다. 3장에서는 전이금속 촉매를 활용한 알코올의 탈수소화 방법과 함께 메탄올이 분자량이 큰 알코올들과 가지는 차이점에 대해 논의한다. 그 후, 탈수소화 방법을 통한 메탄올의 활용 예시들을 소개한다. 4장은 메탄올과 아민을 이용하여 페놀 유도체에 아미노메틸화 및 메틸화를 수행한 연구를 소개한다. 메탄올은 루테늄 핀서 촉매에 의해 탈수소화되며, 그로부터 생성된 포름알데하이드는 아민과의 축합반응을 통해 이민을 생성한다. 기질에 따른 반응성의 차이에 대해 면밀한 연구를 수행하였다.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsTable of Contents



Abstract i

Table of Contents iii

List of Tables vii

List of Schemes viii

List of Figures xi



Part I. Activation Strategies of Isocyanides and Application to N-Aryl-β-Enaminonitrile Synthesis

Chapter 1. Characteristics and Activation Strategies of Isocyanides for Synthetic Applications

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Preparation, general reactivity, and physical properties of isocyanides 2

1.3 Activation strategies for isocyanides in synthetic applications 5

1.3.1 Non-catalyzed reactions of isocyanides 5

1.3.2 Lewis-acid-catalyzed reactions of isocyanides 10

1.3.3 Transition-metal-catalyzed reactions of isocyanides 12

1.3.4 Reactivity of α-metalated isocyanides 18

1.3.5 Radical reactions of isocyanides 21

1.4 Conclusion 23

1.5 References 24



Chapter 2. Copper-Catalyzed N-Aryl-β-Enaminonitrile Synthesis Utilizing Isocyanides as the Nitrogen

2.1 Introduction 33

2.2 Results and discussion 36

2.2.1 Optimization for the synthesis of β-enaminonitrile from isocyanides and benzylcyanides 36

2.2.2 Substrate scope of isocyanides 39

2.2.3 Substrate scope of arylacetonitriles 41

2.2.4 Mechanistic studies 43

2.2.5 Application of β-enaminonitrile 47

2.3 Conclusion 48

2.4 Experimental section 49

2.4.1 General information 49

2.4.2 General procedure for N-aryl/alkyl-β-enaminonitrile synthesis 49

2.4.3 General procedure for 3-oxo-2-phenylpropanenitrile synthesis 50

2.4.4 General procedure for 4-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-amine synthesis 50

2.4.5 Characterization data 51

2.5 References 62





Part II. Synthetic Applications of Methanol as a C1 Source and (Amino)methylation of Phenol Derivatives with Methanol

Chapter 3. Utilization of Methanol as a C1 Building Block through Transition Metal Catalysis

3.1 Introduction 66

3.2 Dehydrogenative activation of alcohols 67

3.2.1 Traditional reactivity of alcohols 67

3.2.2 Basic concepts and mechanistic aspects of transition-metal-catalyzed dehydrogenation 69

3.2.3 Synthetic applications of catalytic alcohol dehydrogenation 75

3.3 Dehydrogenative activation of methanol 77

3.3.1 Methanol utilization with carbon nucleophile 77

3.3.2 Methanol utilization with nitrogen nucleophile 81

3.4 Methanol utilization via radical pathway 87

3.5 Conclusion 90

3.6 References 91



Chapter 4. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Aminomethylation and Methylation of Phenol Derivatives Utilizing Methanol as the C1 Source

4.1 Introduction 97

4.2 Results and discussion 100

4.2.1 Optimization for the ortho-aminomethylation of phenol 101

4.2.2 Substrate scope for the ortho-aminomethylation of phenol 103

4.2.3 Optimization for the methylation of naphthol 105

4.2.4 Substrate scope for the methylation of naphthol 107

4.2.5 Mechanistic studies 108

4.3 Conclusion 117

4.4 Experimental section 119

4.4.1 General information 119

4.4.2 General procedure for ortho-aminomethylation of phenol 119

4.4.3 General procedure for methylation of naphthol 119

4.4.4 General procedure for the capture of ortho-quinone methide 120

4.4.5 Characterization data 121

4.5 References 131





Appendix

Chapter 2 136

Chapter 4 163





Abstract in Korean 163
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dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc540-
dc.titleDevelopment of Catalytic Reactions of Imines via Isocyanide Activation and Methanol Dehydrogenation-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorSeoksun Kim-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.contributor.affiliation자연과학대학 화학부-
dc.date.awarded2019-02-
dc.title.subtitle아이소사이아나이드 활성화 및 메탄올 탈수소화를 통한 이민의 촉매 반응 개발-
dc.contributor.major유기화학-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000153682-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000026▲000000000039▲000000153682▲-
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