캉유웨이(康有爲)의 정교관계(政敎關係) 담론: 공교(孔敎)의 국교화(國敎化)를 중심으로

Abstract

This article is aimed to investigate Kang Youwei(康有爲, 1858~1927)s discourse on the relation between politics and religion, focusing on his effort of making Confucian religion(孔敎, Kǒngjiào) as the state religion(國敎) during the modern transitional period in Chinese society. First of all, Kang Youwei proposed a new religious policy centered on Chinese peoples free cult of Confucius by changing all improper temples(淫祠) into schools and destroying improper cults(淫祀) for blessing in order to make Confucian religion(孔敎, Kǒngjiào) as the state religion(國敎). Second, he insisted that Confucian religion responsible for Chinese civilization had been engraved deeply into the hearts of Chinese people as national spirit(國魂) transcending particular forms of states. Third, Kang Youwei, based on his belief in the universal evolution of human way(人道), thought that the Western modern political system and ideology had been already prepared in Confucian scriptures. Fourth, he used the modern principle of the separation of state and religion(政敎分離) to stress the religious identity of Confucian religion in the modern religious pluralism and to protect the Confucian religion against the governments policy of destroying Confucian traditions in public sphere. Moreover, the possibility of the peaceful coexistence of state religion and freedom of religion(信敎自由) was insisted on the basis of Confucian tolerance toward other religions and dualistic religious structure divided by state religion of the public morality and the individual religions of private faith. In conclusion, Kang Youweis unique discourse on the relation between politics and religion was based on the religious reform to make Confucian religion into the state religion and national spirit taking responsibility for public morality and forming Chinese national identity, and on the Confucianization of Western modernity to reduce the Western modern political system, ideologies, and principles on religion to the Confucian canonical ideas.