Proximity to chemical equilibria among air, water, soil, and sediment as varied with partition coefficients: A case study of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract

To capture the pollutant distribution status among environmental media and to understand how the distribution varies with the pollutants' properties, we assessed a total of 225 fugacity ratios (FRs) of 45 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) for five medium pairs (air-water, air-soil, water-sediment, soil-water, and soil-sediment) using the nationwide multimedia monitoring data. For many of the pollutants, fugacity was greatest in air (PCDFs and 6 heavy PAHs) and in sediment (PBDEs and 9 light PAHs) while lowest in soil for most of the pollutants. PAHs and phthalates appeared to be farther away from equilibrium than PCDDs/Fs and PBDEs. The ratios of equilibrium improbable FRs to all the FRs in each chemical group were 2%, 0%, 33.3%, and 28.9% for PCDDs/Fs, PBDEs, phthalates, and PAHs, respectively. FRwater/air of PAHs, FRsoil/air, and FRsediment/water of the pollutant groups (except for PBDEs) decreased significantly (p < 0.01) with the partition coefficients, 1/Kair/water (1/Kaw), Koctanol/air (Koa), and Koctanol/water (Kow), respectively, even in the field conditions. The findings on FRs values provide valuable clues to identifying the media that would act as sink or source for certain chemicals and to using a more appropriate choice in the coherence test of environmental quality objectives, which should be important considerations in the management of chemical contamination in the environment.