Novel hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) inhibitors for angiogenesis-related ocular diseases: Discovery of a novel scaffold via ring-truncation strategy

Abstract

Ocular diseases featuring pathologic neovascularization are the leading cause of blindness, and anti-VEGF agents have been conventionally used to treat these diseases. Recently, regulating factors upstream of VEGF, such as HIF-1 alpha, have emerged as a desirable therapeutic approach because the use of anti-VEGF agents is currently being reconsidered due to the VEGF action as a trophic factor. Here, we report a novel scaffold discovered through the complete structure-activity relationship of ring-truncated deguelin analogs in HIF-1 alpha inhibition. Interestingly, analog 6i possessing a 2-fluorobenzene moiety instead of a dimethoxybenzene moiety exhibited excellent HIF-1 alpha inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 100 nM. In particular, the further ring-truncated analog 34f, which showed enhanced HIF-la inhibitory activity compared to analog 2 previously reported by us, inhibited in vitro angiogenesis and effectively suppressed hypoxia-mediated retinal neovascularization. Importantly, the heteroatom-substituted benzene ring as a key structural feature of analog 34f was identified as a novel scaffold for HIF-1 alpha inhibitors that can be used in lieu of a chromene ring.