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Biosynthesis and Characterization of Micrococcin P2 and Thiocillin IV in Bacillus subtilis : 바실러스 섭틸리스로부터 생합성 된 Micrococcin P2 및 Thiocillin IV의 특성에 관한 연구

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dc.contributor.advisor권용훈-
dc.contributor.author손영진-
dc.date.accessioned2023-11-20T04:29:48Z-
dc.date.available2023-11-20T04:29:48Z-
dc.date.issued2023-
dc.identifier.other000000177298-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/196689-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000177298ko_KR
dc.description학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부, 2023. 8. 권용훈.-
dc.description.abstractThe emergence of antimicrobial resistance has become a significant public health concern, highlighting the urgent call for developing new antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action. Thiopeptides, a class of natural products, hold great promise for developing new antibacterial agents. This dissertation describes studies to leverage promising thiopeptide scaffolds into clinical treatments by harmonizing chemical and biological studies. In Chapter 1, the reconstruction of thiocillin gene clusters obtained from Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 led to the selective biosynthesis of micrococcin P2 in Bacillus subtilis 168. The biosynthetic micrococcin P2 displayed structural characteristics similar to those of the authentic micrococcin P2 and demonstrated effective inhibition against Gram-positive pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Clostridioides difficile. Through extensive in vitro assays using clinical isolates, time-kill studies, pharmacokinetic analysis, and in vivo animal efficacy studies, micrococcin P2 was identified as a promising anti-C. difficile agent. Furthermore, in the presence of a hydroxide ion, micrococcin P2 can be selectively converted to micrococcin acid, a hydrolyzed product that serves as a crucial intermediate for semi-synthesis. Therefore, micrococcin P2 holds significant value for the development of new anti-C. difficile antibiotics and warrants further exploration. In Chapter 2, the focus is on the scalable biosynthesis and characterization of thiocillin IV. Thiocillin IV is believed to be a congener of O-methylated micrococcin P2, although the exact structure requires elucidation. The biosynthesis of thiocillin IV was achieved by expressing tclO, a gene encoding an O-methyltransferase, along with the genes responsible for micrococcin P2 biosynthesis in a Bacillus strain. By incorporating the precursor peptide genes and optimizing the culture conditions, a production level reached to 2.4 mg/L of culture. Through extensive analysis, the structure of thiocillin IV was determined to be O-methylated micrococcin P2 exclusively at the 8-Thr position. The distinct inhibitory mechanisms of thiocillin IV exhibited promising biological activity against Gram-positive pathogens, without showing cross-resistance to conventional antibiotics. However, the protein stability of recombinant TclO hindered its purification process. Nevertheless, in vivo feeding studies confirmed that micrococin P2 was not O-methylated by TclO, providing valuable insights into the biosynthetic pathway and its role in the modification process. Finally, this study has significantly enhanced the understanding of thiopeptides and provided novel ways to tackle the spreading antibiotic resistance problem.-
dc.description.abstract병원균의 항생제 저항성 문제는 점점 심각해지고 있기 때문에 지속적인 항생 물질의 연구가 필요하다. 티오펩타이드 천연물은 새로운 작용 기전, 낮은 독성, 높은 항생 효능을 지니고 있기 때문에 항생제로 개발하기 좋은 천연물이다. 본 학위논문은 티오펩타이드 천연물 micrococcin P2와 thiocillin IV의 생합성, 효능, 구조 동정 연구를 통해 천연물의 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. Chapter 1에서는 B. cereus ATCC 14579의 thiocillin 유전자 클러스터를 재구성하여 B. subtilis으로부터 생합성한 micrococcin P2의 물질의 구조 및 항생효과를 검증하였다. Micrococcin P2는 그람 양성균, 결핵균, 클로스트리디오이데스 디피실 임상분리균주에서 높은 저해 효능을 확인하였다. 특히 낮은 세포독성, 항염증 효능, 체내로 흡수되지 않는 약동학적 특성과 마우스 감염 모델을 통해 micrococcin P2의 클로스트리디움 감염증 치료제로의 개발 가능성을 확인하였다. 염기 조건에서 micrococcin P2로부터 생성되는 중간체 micrococcin P acid는 micrococcin P2 골격을 이용한 항생 물질의 반합성 공정 핵심 물질이 될 가능성을 확인하였다. Chapter 2에서는 B. cereus ATCC 14579에서 미량 생산되어 정확한 구조 및 활성에 대한 정보가 없었던 thiocillin IV을 생합성하여 구조 동정 및 생리 활성에 대해 연구하였다. thiocillin IV 은 micrococcin P2 생합성 유전자와 tclO 유전자를 B. subtilis에서 함께 발현하여 얻을 수 있었다. Thiocillin IV 생산량은 최적화를 통해 2.4 mg/L 수준을 확보하였다. 구조 분석을 통해 thiocillin IV 구조는 8번 트레오닌의 잔기에 선택적으로 O-methylation 되어 있음을 확인하였다. 항균 활성은 그람 양성균에 특이적이고 다른 항생제와 교차 내성이 없음을 확인하였다. 항생제 저항성은 ribosomal protein L11의 프롤린 잔기 돌연변이를 통해 나타났다. 또한 thiocillin IV생합성은 micrococcin P2에서 O-methylation이 일어나는 것이 아니라 선형 중간체에서 methylation이 일어난 후에 고리화 반응이 일어나 thiocillin IV가 만들어 지는 것을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 티오펩타이드에 대한 이해를 한층 확장하였으며, 최근 들어 급속도로 확산되고 있는 항생제 내성문제 극복에 있어 새로운 방안을 제시해줄 수 있을 것이다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsAbstract i
List of Figure vi
List of Tables viii
List of Abbreviation ix
General Introduction 1
A brief history of antibiotics 1
Global spread of antibiotic resistance 5
Urgent need to discover novel antibiotics 6
Overview of RiPPs 8
Thiopeptide 13
Summary of research chapters 19
Chapter 1: Biosynthesis of Micrococcin P2 and Biological Evaluation 20
Introduction 21
Materials and Methods 27
Plasmid construction for MP2 synthesis 27
B. subtilis strain construction 28
Purification and analysis of MP2 29
In vitro MIC determination of bacteria 30
Time-kill kinetics of micrococcin P2 against C. difficile 32
Cellular toxicity 33
ELISA assay of pro-inflammatory cytokines 33
Rat pharmacokinetic studies 34
Mouse CDI-IBD comorbidity infection model 35
Results 40
Thiocillin gene cluster analysis and plasmid construction 40
Enzymatically synthesized micrococcin P2 comparable to an authentic standard 46
In vitro antimicrobial activity of micrococcin P2 49
MP2 shows a potent antimicrobial effect against C. difficile 53
Micrococcin P2 is as noncytotoxic agent for the prevention of proinflammatory signal agent 58
Micrococcin P2 shows ideal pharmacological properties 61
In vivo efficacy assessed using a mouse CDI-IBD infection model 63
Discussion 67
Chapter 2: Biosynthesis and Characterization of Thiocillin IV 78
Introduction 79
Materials and Methods 85
Chemical analysis 85
Generation of plasmids and strains 85
Extraction of thiocillin compounds 87
Protein expression and purification 88
Micrococcin P2 spontaneous mutant generation 89
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration 90
Cellular toxicity 90
Statistical analysis 91
In vitro enzyme assay 91
In vivo micrococcin P2 feeding studies 92
MALDI-TOF analysis of tcl intermediates 92
Results 97
Plasmid design for thiocillin IV biosynthesis 97
Strain construction and analysis of products 101
De novo thiocillin IV production in B. subtilis 105
Purification and structural elucidation of thiocillin IV 109
Antimicrobial activity and mode of action of thiocillin IV 114
Micrococcin P2 is not the subsrate of TclO 121
MALDI-TOF analysis of linear peptide intermediates 129
Discussion 135
Conclusion 145
References 146
Supplementary Materials 156
Abstract in Korean 178
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dc.format.extent179-
dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectantibiotics-
dc.subjectthiopeptide-
dc.subjectthiocillin gene cluster-
dc.subjectbiosynthesis-
dc.subjectmicrobial production-
dc.subject.ddc630-
dc.titleBiosynthesis and Characterization of Micrococcin P2 and Thiocillin IV in Bacillus subtilis-
dc.title.alternative바실러스 섭틸리스로부터 생합성 된 Micrococcin P2 및 Thiocillin IV의 특성에 관한 연구-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorYoung-Jin Son-
dc.contributor.department농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부-
dc.description.degree박사-
dc.date.awarded2023-08-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000177298-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000050▲000000000058▲000000177298▲-
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