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A Study on the Improvement of the Electrical Properties of Solution-processed Transparent Conducting Oxides and Metal Films after Annealing : 용액 공정으로 형성한 투명 전도성 산화물과 금속 박막의 열처리 공정에 따른 전기적 특성 향상 연구

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dc.contributor.advisor주영창-
dc.contributor.author김나래-
dc.date.accessioned2017-07-13T05:41:31Z-
dc.date.available2017-07-13T05:41:31Z-
dc.date.issued2014-08-
dc.identifier.other000000020819-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/117951-
dc.description학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 재료공학부, 2014. 8. 주영창.-
dc.description.abstract용액 공정은 진공 증착 공정에 비해 저가, 상온/상압 공정, 환경 친화적 공정, 유연성 소자의 응용 가능성 등의 많은 장점을 가지고 있다. 하지만, 용액 공정으로 제작된 박막이 실제 소자에 적용되기 위해서는 그 특성과 성능이 향상되어야한다는 문제를 가지고 있다. 용액 공정 이후에는 고상화 및 내부의 결함을 제거하고 특성을 제어하기 위하여 반드시 후속 처리가 필요하다. 전자 소자에서 가장 기본적이고 중요한 역할을 하는 전도성 물질을 선택하여, 용액 공정으로 제작하고 후속 열처리를 통해 특성을 향상시키고 평가하는 연구를 진행하였다. 전도성 물질 중, 전도성이 가장 우수한 금속과 투명성까지 갖춘 투명 전도성 산화물을 주제로 삼았다. 금속 나노입자의 경우, 입자를 싸고 있는 유기 리간드를 제거하고 기공이 없는 조밀한 미세구조를 형성하여 전도도를 향상시킬 수 있었다. 후속 열처리의 빠른 승온 속도를 통해 이와 같은 결과를 달성할 수 있었다. 투명 전도성 산화물의 대표적인 산화인듐-주석 (ITO) 나노입자 연구에서는, 산화물 내부의 산소 공공 농도를 향상시키고, 입자를 싸고 있는 유기 리간드를 효과적으로 제거할 수 있는 최적의 산소 분압을 열처리 과정에서 유지하여 기존의 ITO 나노입자 박막보다 뛰어난 전도도와 투과도를 같는 투명전극박막을 개발하였다. ITO 의 높은 전자 농도 때문에 근적외선 투과도가 저하되는 현상은 주석 대신 몰리브덴을 도핑함으로써 해결할 수 있었다. 또한 증착 방법을 나노입자 용액 때신 전구체 용액을 사용하는 스프레이 코팅으로 전환함으로써 전자 농도는 낮추고 이동도를 향상시켜 전도성 및 투과도를 향상시켰다. 또한 텅스텐, 지르코늄도 새로운 도핑 원소로 이용하였으며, 높은 전도도 및 투과도를 확보하였다.-
dc.description.abstractSolution processing has many advantages over vacuum-assisted deposition, such as the development of printing or coating techniques that are low cost, environmentally friendly, and capable of being performed at atmospheric pressure-
dc.description.abstracthowever, film quality and performance must be improved. After solution processing, post-treatment processes (post-annealing) are essential to solidify the films, remove the internal defects, and control the properties. Electrical conductors were chosen for study because conducting materials are fundamental and essential materials in electronic devices. Among various potential materials, research on metals and metal oxides (Transparent conducting oxides, TCOs) was conducted in this research. The conductivity of metal nanoparticle films was improved by the elimination of organic ligands capping the nanoparticles and by the formation of a dense microstructure with few pores. This result is due to the high heating rate during annealing. In tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticle research, the representative material for TCOs, the optimization of oxygen partial pressure was appropriate for increasing the electron concentration by oxygen vacancy generation and organic ligand removal. ITO nanoparticle films showed improved conductivity and transmittance compared to conventional ITO nanoparticle films after annealing under optimized oxygen partial pressure. However, a high electron concentration in ITO degrades the transmittance in the NIR region. Doping with Mo instead of Sn was the solution to this problem. Spray coating using metal-organic decomposition solution also increased the conductivity and transmittance. W and Zr were used as new doping elements for In2O3, and high conductivity and transmittance were obtained.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsChapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Evolution of electronic devices …............................................... 18
1.2. Solution processing ………......................................................... 19
1.3. Solution-processed conductors .................................................. 21
1.3.1. Printable conducting materials ............................................ 21
1.3.2. Issues of solution-processed conductors .............................. 27
1.4. Annealing process for solution-processed conductors ............... 28
1.5. Objective of the thesis .................................................................. 30
1.6. Organization of the thesis ............................................................ 31

Chapter 2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Electrical properties of solution-processed conductors .............. 32
2.1.1. Metal .................................................................................... 33
2.1.2. Metal oxide ........................................................................... 33
2.2. Changes in solution-processed conducting films during thermal processing ........................ 34
2.2.1. Nanoparticle films .............................................................. 34
2.2.2.1. Microstructure evolution ............................................ 35
2.2.2. Metal-organic decomposition films ................................... 38
2.3. Solution-processed transparent conducting oxide ...................... 40
2.3.1. Electrical properties of transparent conducting oxide ......... 41
2.3.1.1. Carrier concentration .................................................... 41
2.3.1.2. Mobility ........................................................................ 42
2.3.2. Optical properties of transparent conducting oxide ............. 43
2.4. High-mobility transparent conducting oxide .............................. 47
2.4.1. Previous research on high-mobility TCOs ........................... 47
2.4.2. Mechanisms of high mobility ............................................. 48
2.4.3. High-mobility molybdenum-doped indium oxide .............. 49
2.4.4. Various doping elements for indium oxide films ................. 51

Chapter 3. Experiments
3.1. Materials ..................................................................................... 53
3.1.1. Metal films ........................................................................... 53
3.1.2. Transparent conducting oxide films ..................................... 54
3.1.2.1. Nanoparticle films ......................................................... 54
3.1.2.2. Metal-organic decomposition films .............................. 54
3.2. Solution-based deposition ........................................................... 55
3.2.1. Inkjet printing ...................................................................... 55
3.2.2. Spin coating ........................................................................... 57
3.2.3. Spray coating ........................................................................ 57
3.3. Annealing ..................................................................................... 58
3.3.1. Furnace annealing ................................................................. 58
3.3.2. Moving rapid thermal annealing .......................................... 59
3.4. Characterization ........................................................................... 61
3.4.1. Electrical properties .............................................................. 61
3.4.2. Optical properties ................................................................. 62
3.4.3. Structural properties ............................................................ 63

Chapter 4. Highly Conductive Ag Nanoparticle Films after Moving Rapid Thermal Annealing
4.1. Introduction ............................................................................. 64
4.2. Experimental procedures ............................................................ 67
4.3. Thermal characteristics of the rapid heating system ................... 69
4.4. Electrical resistivity and microstructure of the films ................. 71
4.5 Comparison between furnace and rapid annealing ................... 74
4.6 Film thickness dependence ......................................................... 80
4.7 Summary ..................................................................................... 82

Chapter 5. Highly Conductive ITO Nanoparticle Films after Oxygen Partial Pressure-Controlled Annealing
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................. 83
5.2. Experimental procedures ............................................................ 86
5.3. Electrical properties after annealing ............................................ 88
5.3.1.N-µ diagram ........................................................................ 92
5.3.2. Impurity analysis .................................................................. 95
5.3.3. Microstructure ...................................................................... 99
5.4. Optical transmittance ................................................................... 104
5.5. Summary .................................................................................. 108

Chapter 6. High-Mobility Spray-Coated In2O3-based Films
6.1. Introduction ................................................................................. 109
6.2. Experimental procedures ........................................................... 112
6.3. Effect of spray coating parameters ............................................... 114
6.3.1. Solvent and precursor concentration .................................. 114
6.3.2. Substrate temperature ......................................................... 118
6.3.3. Solution volume ................................................................... 123
6.4. Effect of dopant concentration and annealing atmosphere ........ 126
6.4.1. Electrical properties ............................................................. 126
6.4.2. Optical properties ................................................................. 129
6.5. Comparison to other ITO and IMO films .................................. 131
6.5.1. Electrical properties .............................................................. 131
6.5.2. Optical properties ................................................................ 134
6.6. Electron concentration and mobility .......................................... 136
6.7. Other dopants .............................................................................. 141
6.8. Summary ..................................................................................... 149

Chapter 7. Conclusions
7.1. Conclusions ............................................................................... 150

References ......................................................................................... 155
Abstract (In Korean) ..................................................................... 165
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dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent5015387 bytes-
dc.format.mediumapplication/pdf-
dc.language.isoen-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectsolution processing-
dc.subjectannealing-
dc.subjecttransparent conducting oxide-
dc.subjectmetal-
dc.subjectoxygen partial pressure-
dc.subjectnanoparticle-
dc.subject용액 공정-
dc.subject열처리-
dc.subject투명 전도성 산화물-
dc.subject금속-
dc.subject산소분압-
dc.subject나노입자-
dc.subject.ddc620-
dc.titleA Study on the Improvement of the Electrical Properties of Solution-processed Transparent Conducting Oxides and Metal Films after Annealing-
dc.title.alternative용액 공정으로 형성한 투명 전도성 산화물과 금속 박막의 열처리 공정에 따른 전기적 특성 향상 연구-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorNa-Rae Kim-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.citation.pagesxvii, 166-
dc.contributor.affiliation공과대학 재료공학부-
dc.date.awarded2014-08-
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