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Characteristic changes of lignin in yellow poplar during acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment : 산촉매 유기용매 전처리에 의한 백합나무 리그닌 특성 변화

DC Field Value Language
dc.contributor.advisor최인규-
dc.contributor.author김호용-
dc.date.accessioned2017-07-13T17:44:09Z-
dc.date.available2017-07-13T17:44:09Z-
dc.date.issued2013-08-
dc.identifier.other000000013169-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/121091-
dc.description학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 산림과학부 환경재료과학 전공, 2013. 8. 최인규.-
dc.description.abstractIn the present study, the conversion of milled wood lignin (MWL) as a representative lignin after acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment was explained by the following three steps: 1) degradation, 2) re-distribution (degradation and condensation), and 3) condensation. In the degradation stage (0.5% H2SO4 at 120-180˚C, 1% and 2% H2SO4 at 120-140˚C), a large amount of lignin (56.44%~63.16%) was isolated, and mainly composed of syringyl unit lignin and degraded hemicellulose. In the re-distribution stage, degradation and condensation reactions occurred simultaneously (1% H2SO4 at 140-200˚C, 2% H2SO4 at 140-180˚C). During this stage, WIS (water insoluble solids) recovery rate, weight-average molecular weight (Mw), and ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) yield were maintained-
dc.description.abstracthowever, the amount of nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO) products declined due to degradation, and S/V (syringyl to vanillyl) ratio re-rose due to the condensation of S unit lignin to solid fraction. The condensation stage (2% H2SO4 at 180-200˚C) occurred under severe conditions, and the condensation reaction was prominent at this stage along with associated phenomena.
As indicated by these results, characteristic changes of lignin in yellow poplar by acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment were very close to those of MWL. Most of the lignin was degraded from the solid fraction before reaching 150°C (from 26.57% to 5.35%)
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dc.description.abstractfollowing that, the lignin ceased degradation from the solid fraction and underwent the condensation reaction. By precipitation of liquid hydrolysates, a maximum 12.87% of EOL was recovered with a slight amount of hemicellulosic sugars. After analyzing the lignin recovery from the solid residue and EOL, 44.41% of initial lignin content was not identified in the middle of the pretreatment condition, and at severe condition, initial lignin contents were exceeded, probably due to formation of pseudo-lignin. Unidentified compounds in supernatant obtained after EOL production were then determined and one third of initial lignin content of lignin-derived phenolic compounds was dissolved in supernatant mainly composed of lignin oligomers (from 595 Da to 921 Da).
Characterization of EOL during acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment corresponded to lignin behavior of MWL and yellow poplar. EOL was mainly formed by cleavage of lignin-hemicellulose structure in the secondary wall, thus having high Mw and S/V ratio. As the severity of pretreatment conditions increased, Mw, polydispersity, and NBO products of EOL were significantly decreased due to condensation. EOL produced at 140°C with 0.5% acid concentration was similar to MWL in functional groups, atomic ratios, and C9 molecular weight. Further physicochemical analysis, such as themogravimetric analysis, FT-IR analysis, and 13C-NMR analysis, supported the results above.
Addition of palladium reduced re-distribution of lignin fragment to solid fraction, and it resulted in slight enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis (from 92.27% to 95.71% at 160°C), yield of EOL (from 13.36% to 16.30% at 160°C), and a minor prevention of sugar loss in liquid hydrolysates. As a result of supercritical ethanol treatment of EOL, yield and molecular weight of oils varied from 23.79% to 26.67% and from 357 Da to 376 Da, respectively. Production yield of monomeric lignin compounds ranged from 2.33% to 4.04%
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dc.description.abstractthis was influenced by the degree of condensation of EOL. Thus optimization of both EOL production and the depolymerization process should be required.
In conclusion, the investigation on the characteristic changes of lignin and characterization of EOL in acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment might indicate feasible pretreatment conditions to maximize the economic value of the biomass feedstock by utilizing the EOL. This investigation could also help develop the potential of organosolv pretreatment for application in biorefinery processes.
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dc.description.abstractMilled wood lignin (MWL)의 산촉매 유기용매 전처리에 따른 전환은 분리, 재배치, 재중합의 세 단계로 구분될 수 있는데 분리 단계 (0.5% 황산 120-180˚C, 1%와 2% 황산 120-140˚C)에서 다량의 리그닌이 (56.44-63.16%) syringyl (S) type의 형태로 헤미셀룰로오스와 함께 분리되었다. 재배치 단계 (1% 황산 140-200˚C, 2% 황산 140-180˚C)에서는 전처리 고형분 잔여율, 중량평균분자량 및 ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) 수율은 유지되었으나, 분해된 S type 리그닌의 축합반응으로 인하여 S/V 비율은 다시 증가하였다. 재중합 단계 (2% 황산 180-200˚C)에서는 축합 반응의 일반적인 현상이 주로 일어났으며, 특히 EOL 수율이 감소함에 따라 전처리 고형분 잔여율이 증가하였다.
백합나무 리그닌의 특성 변화는 MWL과 유사하였으며, 150°C 이전에 대부분의 리그닌이 분해되었다. 이후로 반응온도가 증가하여도 리그닌이 더 분해되지 않다가 매우 높은 온도조건에서 전처리 고형상에 리그닌의 재중합과 가상리그닌 (pseudo-lignin)의 생성이 예상되었다. 리그닌의 분해를 통해 액상 가수분해물로부터 최대 12.87%의 EOL을 생산할 수 있었으나, 여전히 초기 시료의 리그닌 함량대비 44.41% 리그닌이 확인되지 않았으며, 이는 EOL생산시 얻어지는 상층액의 분석을 통해 대부분 회수되었다.
EOL 생성 조건 별 특성은 MWL과 백합나무 리그닌 전환 특성을 통해 해석 가능하였다. 반응초기에 대부분의 EOL은 헤미셀룰로오스의 분해와 함께 생성되어 높은 분자량과 S/V 비율을 나타내지만, 전처리 온도가 증가함에 따라 축합반응이 일어나기 시작하여 분자량, 다분산성 및 NBO산물이 크게 감소하였고 EOL수율은 유지되었다. 0.5% 황산 140°C에서 생산된 EOL은 MWL과 관능기, 원소비율, C9 분자량 등이 유사하였으며, TGA, FT-IR, 13C-NMR 분석 결과가 이를 뒷받침 해주었다.
리그닌의 재중합 반응을 방지하기 위하여 유기용매 전처리에 palladium을 투입하였으며, 재배치 단계 (1% 황산 160°C)에서 전처리 고형분의 효소당화 (3.73%)와 EOL 수율 (22.00%)이 향상되었다. EOL의 초임계 에탄올 처리를 통해서는 낮은 분자량을 가지는 오일 (23.79-26.67%)과 리그닌 단량체 (2.33-4.04%)를 생산할 수 있었으며, EOL의 축합 정도가 이에 영향을 끼침을 확인할 수 있었다.
본 연구에서는 산촉매 유기용매 전처리 공정에서의 MWL의 전환을 분석하였고, 이러한 전환 특성의 이해를 통해 백합나무 리그닌의 특성 변화와 생성된 EOL의 특성을 구명하였다. 이를 바탕으로 유기용매 전처리 조건을 최적화하여 당화효율과 EOL수율의 향상이 동시에 가능하였으며 리그닌 단량체 생산을 통해 바이오리파이너리 공정으로의 적용을 확인하였다.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsContents

Chapter 1
Introduction 1

1. Background 2
1.1. Bioethanol 4
1.2. Pretreatment 7
1.3. Biorefinery 10
1.4. Lignin 13
2. Objectives 16
3. Literature review 18
3.1. Characteristics of lignin in lignocellulosic biomass 18
3.2. Characteristic changes of lignin by leading pretreatments 21
3.2.1. Physical pretreatments 23
3.2.2. Physico-chemical pretreatments 24
3.2.3. Chemical pretreatments 26
3.2.4. Organosolv pretreatment 28
3.3. Isolation of lignin 32
3.3.1. Analytical lignin 32
3.3.2. Kraft and sulfite lignin 33
3.3.3. Organosolv lignin 34
3.4. Depolymerization of lignin 36
3.5. Lignin application 38


Chapter 2
Conversion of milled wood lignin during acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment 40

1. Introduction 41
2. Materials and methods 43
2.1. Materials 43
2.1.1. Milled wood lignin isolation 43
2.2. Organosolv pretreatment process 44
2.3. Analysis of pretreated solid fractions 46
2.3.1. Molecular weight determination 46
2.3.2. Phenolic hydroxyl group 46
2.3.3. Nitrobenzene oxidation 47
2.4. Analysis of liquid hydrolysates 48
2.4.1. Chemical compositions 48
2.4.2. Ethanol organosolv lignin recovery process 48
3. Results and discussion 50
3.1. Conversion characteristics of milled wood lignin 50
3.1.1. Water insoluble solid recovery rate of milled wood lignin 50
3.1.2. Molecular weight distributions of solid fraction 53
3.1.3. Phenolic hydroxyl group of solid fraction 56
3.1.4. Nitrobenzene oxidation products of solid fraction 58
3.2. Ethanol organosolv lignin and liquid hydrolysate 69
3.2.1. Ethanol organosolv lignin yield from liquid hydrolysate 69
3.2.2. Compositions of liquid hydrolysate 73
3.3. Lignin recovery 78
4. Conclusions 80

Chapter 3
Characteristic changes of lignin in yellow poplar during acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment 82

1. Introduction 83
2. Materials and methods 85
2.1. Materials 85
2.2. Organosolv pretreatment process 85
2.3. Analysis of pretreated solid fractions 87
2.3.1. Chemical composition analysis 87
2.4. Analysis of liquid hydrolysate 89
2.4.1. Chemical compositions 89
2.4.2. Ethanol organosolv lignin recovery process 89
2.4.3. Chemical compositions of ethanol organosolv lignin 89
2.5. Confirmation of unidentified lignin 90
2.5.1. Analysis of supernatant and extracted supernatant fractions 91
2.5.2. Analysis of extracts from supernatant 92
3. Results and discussion 93
3.1. Conversion characteristics of lignocellulosic yellow poplar 93
3.1.1. Water insoluble solid recovery rate 93
3.1.2. Chemical composition of solid fraction 95
3.1.3. Actual total lignin content in solid fraction 101
3.1.4. Chemical composition of liquid hydrolysate 104
3.2. Characteristics of ethanol organosolv lignin 108
3.2.1. Ethanol organosolv lignin yield 108
3.2.2. Chemical composition of ethanol organosolv lignin 111
3.2.3. Lignin recovery from solid fraction and ethanol organosolv lignin 117
3.3. Characterization of unidentified constituents in supernatant 119
3.3.1. Chemical composition of supernatant after dichloromethane extraction 119
3.3.2. 13C-NMR analysis 122
3.3.3. Determination of total phenol in supernatant after dichloromethane extraction 123
3.4. Total lignin recovery 126
3.4.1. Lignin recovery from liquid hydrolysate 126
3.4.2. Lignin recovery from all fractions 129
4. Conclusions 131


Chapter 4
Characterization of ethanol organosolv lignin depending on the acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment conditions 133

1. Introduction 134
2. Materials and methods 136
2.1. Materials 136
2.2. Analysis of ethanol organosolv lignin 137
2.2.1. Molecular weight 137
2.2.2. Methoxyl group 137
2.2.3. Phenolic hydroxyl group 137
2.2.4. Nitrobenzene oxidation 138
2.2.5. Pyrolysis GC/MS 138
2.3. Further analysis of chosen ethanol organosolv lignin 139
2.3.1. Elemental analysis 139
2.3.2. TGA 139
2.3.3. FT-IR 139
2.3.4. 13C-NMR 140
3. Results and discussion 141
3.1. Characteristics of ethanol organosolv lignin 141
3.1.1. Molecular weight distribution 141
3.1.2. Functional group determination 145
3.1.3. Nitrobenzene oxidation product 150
3.1.4. Pyrolysis GC/MS analysis 158
3.2. Further analysis of chosen ethanol organosolv lignin 164
3.2.1. Chemical structural characteristics 164
3.2.2. Physicochemical properties 168
4. Conclusions 174



Chapter 5
Advancement of ethanol organosolv lignin procedure for application to biorefinery process 176

1. Introduction 177
2. Materials and methods 179
2.1. Yield enhancement of ethanol organosolv lignin 179
2.1.1. Materials 179
2.1.2. Organosolv pretreatment process with palladium 179
2.1.3. Analysis of pretreated solid fraction 181
2.1.3.1. Chemical compositions 181
2.1.3.2. Enzymatic hydrolysis 181
2.1.4. Analysis of liquid hydrolysate 182
2.1.4.1. Chemical compositions 182
2.1.4.2. Ethanol organosolv lignin recovery process 182
2.2. Depolymerization of ethanol organosolv lignin 183
2.2.1. Materials 183
2.2.2. Supercritical treatment 183
2.2.3. Analysis of oil fraction 184
2.2.3.1. GC/MS 184
2.2.3.2. Molecular weight 184
2.2.3.3. 13C-NMR 184
3. Results and discussion 185
3.1. Yield enhancement of ethanol organosolv lignin 185
3.1.1. Composition of solid fraction 185
3.1.2. Composition of ethanol organosolv lignin 187
3.1.3. Enzymatic hydrolysis of solid fraction 189
3.1.4. Mass balance 191
3.2. Depolymerization of ethanol organosolv lignin 193
3.2.1. Mass balance of depolymerized products 193
3.2.2. GC/MS analysis 195
3.2.3. Molecular weight distribution 198
3.2.4. 13C-NMR analysis 200
4. Conclusions 201


Chapter 6
Concluding remarks 203

References 207

초록 235
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dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent5572755 bytes-
dc.format.mediumapplication/pdf-
dc.language.isoen-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectcharacteristic changes of lignin-
dc.subjectacid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment-
dc.subjectethanol organosolv lignin-
dc.subjectyellow poplar-
dc.subjectre-distribution of lignin-
dc.subject.ddc634-
dc.titleCharacteristic changes of lignin in yellow poplar during acid-catalyzed organosolv pretreatment-
dc.title.alternative산촉매 유기용매 전처리에 의한 백합나무 리그닌 특성 변화-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorHo-Yong Kim-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.citation.pagesxix, 237-
dc.contributor.affiliation농업생명과학대학 산림과학부(환경재료과학전공)-
dc.date.awarded2013-08-
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