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Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Separated Toilet Systems : 소변 분리 화장실 시스템에서 질소의 운명

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dc.contributor.advisor한무영-
dc.contributor.authorShervin Hashemi-
dc.date.accessioned2017-07-14T04:15:12Z-
dc.date.available2017-07-14T04:15:12Z-
dc.date.issued2015-02-
dc.identifier.other000000024821-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/124274-
dc.description학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 건설환경공학부, 2015. 2. 한무영.-
dc.description.abstract오늘날 대소변의 혼합된 처리는 여러 가지 문제점을 가지고 있다: 음용수를 포함한 많은 자원이 낭비되고 인, 질소, 칼륨과 같은 소중한 영양분들이 환경으로 배출되며, 미세오염물질이 비효율적으로 제거되고 있다. 소변의 대변으로부터의 분리는 효과적인 대안이다.
그러나, 소변이 가지고 있는 영양분들은 비료로 사용하기에 적합한 형태로 존재하지 않을 뿐만 아니라 소변은 인공호르몬, 의약물질, 대사산물과 같은 미세오염물질을 포함하고 있다. 이러한 물질들은 주로 소변을 통해 배출되며 생태계와 인간 건강에 해로울 수 있다. 이 물질들은 하수처리장에서 효율적으로 처리되지 못하고 있기 때문에, 오늘날 많은 미세 오염물질들이 그대로 수계로 배출되고 있다.
소변 처리는 적절한 비료를 생산하는 데에도 필요하며, 미세오염물질로 인한 환경오염을 막는 데에도 적절한 방법이 될 수 있다. 처리방법을 개발하는 것은 소변 내 질소화합물의 농도와 거동에 대한 지식을 필요로 한다. 소변의 분리, 저장과, 이동 동안 소변은 우레아 가수분해와 같이 소변의 구성을 크게 변화시키는 여러가지의 자동적인 공정을 거친다.
이 연구에서는 순수한 소변에서의 질소의 거동에 대해 알아보았다. 또한 과거 고대 페르시아로부터 배운 지식을 기반으로 하여, 소변 샘플들을 아세트산과 중탄산나트륨과 혼합하였을 때의 질소 거동의 변화와 소변의 악취를 제거하는 효과에 대해 연구하였다.
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dc.description.abstractPresent-day treatment of mixed waste water has several shortcomings: high amounts of resources, including drinking water, are consumed, valuable nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen or potassium are lost to the environment and micro pollutants are eliminated insufficiently. Source separation of urine, which contributes most of the nutrients to waste water, is a promising alternative.
However, the nutrients in urine might not be available in a convenient form for fertilizers. Furthermore, urine contains micro pollutants such as synthetic hormones, pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. These substances are mainly excreted via urine and may be harmful to the ecosystems and human health. Today, many micro pollutants reach the aquatic environment, because their degradation in waste water treatment plants is poor.
Urine treatment might be necessary to produce an adequate fertilizer, but it might also be a suitable method to prevent the pollution of the environment with micro pollutants. Developing a treatment method requires the knowledge about the concentration and behavior of the nitrogen compounds in urine. During separation, storage and transport, urine is subject to several spontaneous processes such as urea hydrolysis, which change the urine composition significantly.
In this research fate of nitrogen in pure urine has been investigated. Also based on a wisdom learned from ancient Persian urine samples have been mixed with acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate and changes in fate of nitrogen and its effect in reducing odor of urine has been studied.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsAbstract i
Table of Content iii
List of figures viii
List of tables xi

CHAPTER 1 1
Introduction 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Urine as a Plant Food 6
1.3. Objectives of Research 12
1.4. Dissertation Structure 12
References 14

CHAPTER 2 15
Literature Review on Treatment Process for Source Separated Urine 15
2.1. Introduction 15
2.2. Nutrient Removal 17
2.3. Anammox Process 18
2.4. Removal of Micro Pollutants 19
2.5. Electro Dialysis 20
2.6. Nano Filtration 21
2.7. Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation 22
References 23

CHAPTER 3 29
Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine and Urine Mixed with Acetic Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate 29
3.1. Introduction 29
3.2. Chemical Concept 31
3.3. Change in Urine pH by Time, Temperature and Composition 32
3.4. Changes in Urine Creatinine, Urea, Uric Acid, Osmolality and Specific Gravity by Temperature 36
3.5. New Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine by Adding Acetic Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate 37
3.5.1. Materials and Methods 38
3.5.1.1. Standard Methods for Chemical Measuring 39
3.5.2. Results and Discussion 39
3.5.2.1. Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Pure Urine 39
3.5.2.2. Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Mixed with Sodium Bicarbonate 42
3.5.2.3. Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine Mixed with Acetic Acid 44
3.6. Conclusion 46
References 47

CHAPTER 4 49
Effect of Bacterial Activities on Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine Mixed with Chemicals 49
4.1. Introduction 49
4.2. Materials and Methods 50
4.3. Results and Discussion 51
4.3.1. Results of Bacterial DNA Test 51
4.4. Conclusion 55
References 56

CHAPTER 5 57
Effect of Changes in Fate of Nitrogen on Odor of Urine 57
5.1. Introduction 57
5.2. Materials and Methods 58
5.3. Results and Discussion 60
5.3.1. Minimum of Concentration of Ammonia to be Smelled 60
5.3.2. Effect of Adding Chemicals on Odor of Urine 61
5.4. Conclusion 62
References 62

CHAPTER 6 64
Application of New Fate of Nitrogen on Urine Utilization 64
6.1. Introduction 64
6.2. Materials and Methods 65
6.3. Results and Discussion 65
6.4. Conclusion 66
References 68

CHAPTER 7 69
Conclusion 69
Alphabetic Sorted References 71
Acknowledgment 79
Appendix 1: Korean Abstract 81
Appendix 2: Award for 2014 International Research Competition 83
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dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent10541633 bytes-
dc.format.mediumapplication/pdf-
dc.language.isoen-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectSource Separated Human Urine-
dc.subjectNitrogen Compounds-
dc.subjectAcetic Acid-
dc.subjectSodium Bicarbonate-
dc.subject.ddc624-
dc.titleFate of Nitrogen in Urine Separated Toilet Systems-
dc.title.alternative소변 분리 화장실 시스템에서 질소의 운명-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthor쉐르빈-
dc.description.degreeMaster-
dc.citation.pagesxi, 83-
dc.contributor.affiliation공과대학 건설환경공학부-
dc.date.awarded2015-02-
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