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Performance characteristics of a modified brake pad manufactured with lignin polymers as binder and filler materials : 리그닌을 함유하는 친환경 브레이크패드의 마찰특성 연구

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dc.contributor.advisor최인규-
dc.contributor.authorJeesu Park-
dc.date.accessioned2017-07-14T06:32:35Z-
dc.date.available2017-07-14T06:32:35Z-
dc.date.issued2015-08-
dc.identifier.other000000067159-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/125689-
dc.description학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 산림과학부(환경재료과학전공), 2015. 7. 최인규.-
dc.description.abstract바이오매스의 주요 구성성분인 셀룰로오스를 선택적으로 활용하는 바이오에탄올 제조 및 화학펄핑 공정에서는 바이오매스의 또 다른 구성성분인 리그닌이 부산물로 다량 발생하는데, 이러한 부산물은 화석자원을 대신하여 바이오매스 기반인 고부가가치 제품으로 전환될 수 있는 잠재력을 보유하고 있다.
최근 자동차 브레이크 패드에서 발생되는 결합제인 페놀 포름알데히드수지의 환경문제와 충진제인 캐슈 너트 껍질액의 소재 비용 증가 문제를 해결하기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행됨에 따라 보다 경제적이고 안정적인 친환경 마찰 소재의 개발에 관심이 모아지고 있다.
본 연구에서는 화학펄핑 공정에서 유래한 Soda lignin (SL), 당화 잔사인 Sulfuric acid lignin (SAL) 과 열처리한 SAL (Heat treated SAL
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dc.description.abstractHL) 부산물을 브레이크 패드의 결합제와 충진제로 각각 사용하여 브레이크 패드 제조 가능성을 평가하였다. 이들이 브레이크 패드 내에서 결합제 및 충진제로서 작용하는 메커니즘을 밝혀내기 위해 리그닌의 열/화학적/구조적 특성을 분석하였으며, 리그닌의 종류 및 페놀포름알데히드수지와 캐슈 너트 껍질액에 대한 리그닌 대체 함유량 변화(0 ~ 40%)에 따른 브레이크 패드의 동마찰계수, 내마모성, 충격 강도 그리고 두께 팽창률의 변화를 측정하였다.
각 리그닌의 대표 관능기(Phen-OH, OMe) 정량분석, 리그닌 내 존재하는 G, S unit 빈도수 측정 등의 구조분석 결과에 의하면 SL은 SAL, HL에 비해 페놀성 하이드록실기 함량이 최대 10배 높았으며, 이를 통해 SL이 다른 두 리그닌에 비해 포름알데히드와의 결합 가능성이 높은 구조를 지니고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, HL의 열중량 분석 결과 SL과 SAL에 비해 고온에서 질량 손실 변화가 상당히 낮게 나타났으며, 이는 다량의 탄소를 함유한 탄 생성 비율이 더 높을 뿐만 아니라 상대적으로 높은 축합도에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다.
리그닌을 결합제로 이용한 브레이크 패드 성능 시험 결과에서는 모든 시편의 경우, 리그닌 함량이 증가함에 따라 동마찰계수가 감소하였지만, SAL-40%(0.2)를 제외한 대부분의 시편은 SAE (society of automotive engineers)에서 제시하는 상용 브레이크 패드의 동마찰계수 규격(0.3)보다는 높은 값(0.3~ 0.6)을 나타내었다. 특히 SL을 함유한 브레이크 패드는 동마찰계수뿐만 아니라 내마모성(0.009 g), 충격강도(16.8 J/m) 그리고 두께 팽창률(0.6%) 등 모든 시험 결과에서 다른 두 리그닌에 비해 향상된 성능을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 다른 두 리그닌에 비해SL 내 존재하는 높은 페놀성 수산기(3%)와 탄소 함량(61.3%) 등의 결과로부터 기인한 것으로 사료된다.
반면, 리그닌을 충진제로 사용한 브레이크 패드의 경우에는 HL 에 기반한 브레이크 패드가 SL 과SAL에 비해 전체 시험범위에서 훨씬 우수한 성능을 나타냈다. 특히, 내마모성 분석 결과에 의하면 리그닌 함량이 높아질수록 내마모성은 저하되는 경향을 보였지만, SL 또는 SAL 기반 브레이크 패드와 비교하여 HL을 기반으로 한 브레이크 패드의 마모 분진 발생량은 최대 52%까지 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 각 리그닌의 분자량 분석 그리고 열중량 분석을 통해 확인할 수 있듯이 HL의 높은 열 안정성과 고도로 축합된 구조에 의한 것으로 판단된다.
결론적으로 리그닌을 첨가한 브레이크 패드는 동마찰계수, 내마모성 그리고 두께 팽창률 시험 등에서 상용 브레이크 패드 성능 수준에는 미치지 못하였지만 SL-40%를 결합제로 첨가한 브레이크 패드는 동마찰계수가 0.6으로 상용 브레이크 패드의 동마찰계수(0.3)보다 우수한 성능을 나타내었으며, HL 충진제를 기반으로 한 브레이크 패드는 내마모성, 충격강도 그리고 두께 팽창률 시험에서 각각 0.021 g, 30.4 J/m 그리고 1.9% 로 다른 두 리그닌에 비해 성능이 향상된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상과 같이 본 연구는 리그닌 부산물의 친환경 브레이크 패드 결합제 및 충진제로서의 활용 가능성을 제시함으로써 농학 석사학위 논문으로서의 가치가 충분하다고 사료된다.
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dc.description.abstractThe development of environmentally-friendly brake pads manufactured with several technical lignins such as soda lignin (SL), sulfuric acid lignin (SAL) and heat-treated SAL (HL) as frictional material is presented in this study. Research was carried out with a view to exploiting the characteristics of the lignin, which is largely deposited as waste, in replacing phenol formaldehyde resin (PR, binder) and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL, filler) which are costly and known to cause environmental pollution. The amount of lignin added to the modified brake pad ranged up to 40 wt% of the total weight ratio of PR and CNSL respectively, while the contents of the other ingredients were fixed. The performance characteristics of the modified brake pads were evaluated and compared using several tests.
The results showed that all of the lignin-based brake pads adhered to the SAE standard (0.25) for friction coefficient, which is the primary contributor to the performance of a braking system. In particular, the replacement of PR with SL demonstrated a better friction coefficient than did replacement with SAL or HL, reaching up to 0.6. In general, the performance of the samples decreased when the lignin content increased. However, 10% of lignin was determined to be a sufficiently suitable material for brake pads.
On the other hand, when lignin was used as filler with CNSL, HL-based brake pads showed a significant improvement in wear resistance of 0.12 g (dust generation) compared to SL and SAL-based brake pads, which had a resistance of approximately 0.25 g. As with the previous results, the results of every performance test decreased as lignin content increased. Brake pads containing 10% of HL were selected as the most suitable material for brake pads, as their performance most closely matched the commercial brake pad.
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dc.description.tableofcontents1. Introduction··································································································1
1.1. Lignin ······································································································1
1.2. Overview of Residual lignin from bio-refinery ····································3
1.3. Applications and research trends in lignin ··············································5
1.4. Objectives ·······························································································7

2. Theoretical Backgrounds············································································9
2.1. Overview of braking system ···································································9
2.1.1. Requirements of a brake system ·······················································11
2.1.2. Brake pads ························································································11
2.2. Overview of friction material for brake pad ·········································14
2.2.1. Types of friction material ································································14
2.2.1.1. Binder ························································································15
2.2.1.2. Fibers ························································································15
2.2.1.3. Lubricants ·················································································16
2.2.1.4. Abrasives ···················································································16
2.2.1.5. Filler ··························································································16

3. Literature review·······················································································17
3.1. Modified brake pad with various biomass ············································17
3.2. Utilization of lignin as a binder ·····························································19
3.3. Utilization of lignin as a filler ·······························································21


4. Materials and Methods·············································································22
4.1. Raw materials ·······················································································22
4.2. Structural and chemical analysis of lignin ···········································24
4.2.1. Elemental analysis ·········································································24
4.2.2. Methoxyl groups·············································································24
4.2.3. Hydroxyl phenolic groups······························································25
4.2.4. Gel Permeation chromatography (GPC) ·······································25
4.2.5. Derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) ···············26
4.3. Thermal properties and chemical analysis of lignin ····························27
4.3.1. Chemical composition of lignin ····················································27
4.3.2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ··············································28
4.4. Procedure of manufacturing brake pad ················································29
4.5. Performance characteristics of modified brake pad ·····························31
4.5.1. Friction coefficient and wear resistance ········································31
4.5.2. Izod impact strength test ································································31
4.5.3. Thickness swelling in water ··························································32
4.6. Overall process ·····················································································34

5. Results and Discussion····································································35
5.1. Lignin as binder ···················································································35
5.1.1. Structural and chemical analysis of lignin ····································35
5.1.1.1. Elemental analysis ··································································35
5.1.1.2. Functional groups and molecular weight ································38
5.1.1.3. Derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) ········40
5.1.2. Performance characteristics of the modified brake pad ················45
5.1.2.1. Friction coefficient and wear resistance ·································45
5.1.2.2. Impact strength and thickness swelling in water ····················48
5.2. Lignin as filler ······················································································51
5.2.1. Thermal property and chemical analysis of lignin ························51
5.2.2. Performance characteristics of the modified brake pad ················56

6. Conclusion ·································································································62

7. References ··································································································63
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dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent1933029 bytes-
dc.format.mediumapplication/pdf-
dc.language.isoen-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectBrake pad-
dc.subjectLignin-
dc.subjectFriction-
dc.subjectBinder-
dc.subjectPhenol formaldehyde resin-
dc.subjectCashew nut shell liquid-
dc.subjectWear resistance-
dc.subjectFiller-
dc.subject.ddc634-
dc.titlePerformance characteristics of a modified brake pad manufactured with lignin polymers as binder and filler materials-
dc.title.alternative리그닌을 함유하는 친환경 브레이크패드의 마찰특성 연구-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthor박지수-
dc.description.degreeMaster-
dc.citation.pagesLXVIII, 68-
dc.contributor.affiliation농업생명과학대학 산림과학부-
dc.date.awarded2015-08-
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