Development of Flavonoid Database for Korean Common Foods and Estimation of Intake and Antioxidant Capacity of Flavonoids in Korean Adults

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have suggested that flavonoids exhibit preventive effects on degenerative diseases. However, lack of sufficient data on flavonoid intake have limited evaluating the proposed effects in populations. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the flavonoid intake and antioxidant capacity of flavonoids among Korean adults and determine the major dietary sources of these flavonoids. We constructed a flavonoid database for common Korean foods, based on the food list reported in the 24-hour recall of the KNHANES 2007-2012, using data from the Korea functional food composition table, US Department of Agriculture flavonoid database, Phenol-Explorer database, and other analytical studies. This database, which covers 49% of food items and 76% of food intake, was linked with the 24-hour recall data of 33,581 subjects aged ≥19 years in the KNHANES 2007-2012. The mean daily intake of total flavonoids in Korean adults was 318.0 mg/d, from proanthocyanidins (22.3%), flavonols (20.3%), isoflavones (18.1%), flavan-3-ols (16.2%), anthocyanidins (11.6%), flavanones (11.3%), and flavones (0.3%). The major contributing food groups to the flavonoid intake were fruits (54.4%), vegetables (20.5%), legumes and legume products (16.2%), and beverages and alcohols (3.1%), and food items were apples (21.9%), mandarins (12.5%), tofu (11.5%), onions (9.6%), and grapes (9.0%). In the regression analysis, the consumption of legumes and legume products, vegetables and fruits were the major predictors for total flavonoid intake. In addition, we estimated the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids as 463.0 mg VCE/d. The major dietary sources of antioxidant capacity were fruits (77.6%), mainly grapes, persimmons, and strawberries. The findings of this study could facilitate further investigation on the health benefits of flavonoids and provide the basic information for establishing recommended flavonoid intakes for Koreans.