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가야금산조의 음고 및 음정분석연구

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dc.contributor.advisor이지영-
dc.contributor.author양수연-
dc.date.accessioned2017-07-19T10:44:11Z-
dc.date.available2017-07-19T10:44:11Z-
dc.date.issued2013-02-
dc.identifier.other000000008879-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/133038-
dc.description학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 음악과(국악기악전공), 2013. 2. 이지영.-
dc.description.abstract가야금산조는 19세기말에 1세대 명인이라 불리는 김창조, 한숙구, 심창래, 박팔괘 등에 의해 처음 연주되기 시작했고, 이들의 가락은 심상건, 한성기, 최옥삼, 김병호, 김죽파, 성금연, 김윤덕 등의 2~3세대 명인에게 전수되었다. 산조는 원래 즉흥성에 기반한 음악이었기 때문에 악보가 아닌 구전심수에 의하여 전승되었다. 그러나 해방이후 서울대학교를 시작으로 여러 대학에서 국악과를 설치하기 시작하면서 우리음악을 좀 더 많은 사람들에게 효과적으로 교육해야할 필요성이 생겼다. 이 때문에 산조의 채보가 시작되었고, 악보를 통한 교육이 이루어졌다. 그러나 악보를 이용한 교육방법에는 실음과 기보음이 다르며, 오선보로는 정확하게 표현하지 못하는 음들이 있다는 문제점이 따랐다. 따라서 연구자는 이러한 문제를 인식하고 김병호, 김죽파, 성금연, 함동정월 명인들이 남긴 음원의 음고와 음정을 측정하여 기보음과 실음의 차이에 대해 분석하였다.
연구 과정은 크게 세 부분으로 나뉘어 진행되었다. 첫 번째로 계면조의 중심음인 청의 음고 측정과 각 음역대의 청 사이의 음정분석이 이루어졌고, 두 번째로는 꺾는 음의 윗음과 아래음의 음고 측정과 이를 바탕으로 꺾는 음의 음정분석을 하였으며, 마지막으로는 청과 꺾는 아래음의 음정측정과 분석 그리고 청과 꺾는 윗음의 음정을 측정하고 분석하는 순서로 진행되었다. 음고의 측정은 음성분석프로그램 praat를 이용하였으며, 음정은 praat를 통해 측정된 주파수를 평균율로 바꾸어 각 음의 음고간 차이를 계산하는 방법을 사용하였다.
그 결과, 첫 번째로 측정 대상인 명인 4명의 청은 김병호 연주음원이 E♭, 김죽파 연주음원이 B♭, 성금연 연주음원이 B, 함동정월 연주음원이 B♭으로, B♭에서 E♭까지 다양했다. 또한 c-c'(아래음역 청-중간음역 청), c'-c"(중간음역 청-높은음역 청)의 음정간격을 측정해본 결과 정확한 완전 8도인 1200cent에 일치하는 음원은 없었다. 또한 성금연 연주음원을 제외한 나머지 음원에서 c-c'의 음정이 c'-c"의 음정보다 넓다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.
두 번째로 꺾는 윗음과 꺾는 아래음의 음정간격을 측정을 통해 꺾는 음형의 음정관계를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 모든 음원과 음역대에서 기보상의 음정인 단 2도보다 높다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 중간 음역에서 가장 좁은 음정간격을 보인 음원은 김병호 연주음원이었으며, 김죽파, 함동정월, 성금연의 순서로 음정간격이 넓어졌다.
세 번째로 청과 꺾는 아래음의 음정간격측정을 통해 둘 사이의 음정이 기보상의 음정인 장 2도보다 좁다는 결론을 얻었다. 측정샘플이 가장 많은 중간 음역의 경우에 가장 좁은 음정간격을 지닌 유파는 성금연 연주음원이었고, 함동정월, 김죽파, 김병호의 순서로 음정간격이 넓어졌다. 또한 청과 꺾는 윗음의 음정간격 측정결과는 모든 음원에서 단 3도 정도의 간격을 보였다. 또한 측정 샘플이 가장 많은 중간 음역의 경우 김병호 연주음원의 음정이 가장 좁았으며, 성금연, 김죽파, 함동정월의 순서대로 높아졌다.
본 연구의 성과는 지금까지 시도되지 않았던 연주자별 청과 꺾는 음의 음정관계를 정리했고, 그것이 기보상의 음고, 음정과 분명한 차이가 있다는 것을 밝혀냈다는 것이다. 그러나 아래 음역과 높은 음역의 꺾는 음에서 측정가능 샘플수가 너무 적었기 때문에 결과의 신뢰도가 중간음역에 비해 다소 떨어질 수 밖에 없었다. 또한 이러한 방향의 선행연구가 많이 없었기 때문에 연구가 10개 유파 중 4개, 유파별 음원 1개 그리고 여러 장단 중 진양조라는 매우 제한적인 범위 안에서 진행되어야 했다. 앞으로 이러한 방향의 후속연구는 그 범위를 확장하여 이러한 점들을 보완해 나가야 할 것이다.


Gayageum sanjo began to be played in the late 19th century by first-generation masters such as Kim Chang-jo, Han Sook-gu, Shim Chang-lae and Park Pal-gwae. Their melodies have been transmitted through second- and third-generation masters, such as Shim Sang-geon, Han Seong-gi, Choi Ok-sam, Kim Byeong-ho, Kim Jook-pa, Seong Geum-yeon and Kim Yoon-deok, by oral transmission. After South Koreas liberation, however, starting from Seoul National University, several universities established a Korean music department, and concerned the need of educating Korean music effectively to the public. As a result, sanjo started to be transcribed, and has been taught through a score. But there are some problems: original pitch of the melodies is different from that of a score, and certain pitches cannot be transcribed accurately into Western staff notation. I have recognized such problems, and analyzed the pitch and interval differences in the original recordings of the masters and its scores.
The research is divided into three parts. First, I measure the pitch of the cheong, the tonic of gyemyeonjo, and analyze the intervals between the cheong of each register: a lower, middle, and higher register. Second, based on measuring the pitch of the upper and lower bending notes, I analyze the intervals of the bending notes. Lastly, I measure and analyze the intervals between the cheong and the lower bending notes, and the cheong and the upper bending notes. I use praat, a computer program for analyzing speech, to measure the pitch. And I convert a frequency, which I measure using praat, into equal temperament to examine the intervals between each note.
As a result, first of all, the pitch of the cheong of the four masters is varied from B♭to E♭: E♭in Kim Byeong-hos recording, B♭in Kim Jook-pas recording, B in Seong Geum-yeons recording, and B♭in Ham Dong-jeong-wols recording. Moreover, I find that there is no recording corresponding with 1200 cents—a perfect octave—after measuring intervals between c (lower register) and c' (middle register), and c' and c" (higher register). In addition, the intervals between c-c' are larger than those of c'-c" in most schools except Seong Geum-yeons recording.
Second, I examine the intervals of the bending notes through measuring the intervals between the upper and the lower bending notes. As a result, I find that, in all the recording sand registers, it is larger than what is written in the score—a minor 2nd. Kim Byeong-hos recording has the narrowest intervals in the middle register, and it gets broader in the following order: Kim Jook-pas recording, Ham Dong-jeong-wols recording, and Seong Geum yeons recording.
Third, through measuring the intervals between the cheong and the lower bending notes, I find that the intervals are narrower than what is written in the score—a major 2nd. In the middle register, which has the largest sample size, Seong Geum-yeons recording has the narrowest intervals among other recording, and the intervals get broader in the following order: Ham Dong-jeong-wols recording, Kim Jook-pas recording, and Kim Byeong-hos recording. Also, a result of measuring the cheong and the upper bending notes turns out into a minor 3rd in all recordings. Moreover, in the middle register, which has the largest same size, Kim Byeong-hos recording has the narrowest intervals, and it gets broader in the following order: Seong Geum-yeons recording, Kim Jook-pas recording, and Ham Dong-jeong-wols recording.
I believe my study contributes to analyzing a relation between cheong and bending notes of each player, which has not been tried, and illuminating that there are obvious differences in a pitch and an interval transcribed into a staff notation. But since there are only a few samples of bending notes available in a lower and higher register, the credibility of its result is lower than that of a middle register. Also the scope of this research is very limited to four out of ten schools, one recording for each school, and jinyangjo among many jangdan(rhythmic pattern) because there have not been many studies in a similar direction. The following studies in this direction will be expected to expand its scope.
Keyword: Gayageum sanjo, gyemyeonjo, praat, pitch,
equal temperament, cheong, bending notes
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dc.description.tableofcontentsⅠ. 서 론·······························································································1

1.문제 제기 및 연구 목적··································································1

2.연구범위와 연구방법······································································4

3.음고 측정 및 음정분석방법··························································11
1)소리의 일반적인 성질 및 측정프로그램의 메커니즘···············13
2)주파수 검출방법············································································14
3)검출된 주파수의 평균율 변환·····················································20

Ⅱ. 본 론·····························································································21
1. 청의 음고 측정과 음정분석························································21
1) 김병호 연주음원···········································································22
2) 김죽파 연주음원···········································································29
3) 성금연 연주음원···········································································35
4) 함동정월 연주음원·······································································41

2. 꺾는 음의 음고 측정과 음정분석···············································49
1) 김병호 연주음원···········································································50
2) 김죽파 연주음원···········································································57
3) 성금연 연주음원···········································································65
4) 함동정월 연주음원·······································································75

3. 청과 꺾는 음의 음정분석····························································84
1) 청과 꺾는 아래음의 음정····························································84
2) 청과 꺾는 윗음의 음정································································87

Ⅲ. 결 론·····························································································90
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dc.formatapplication/pdf-
dc.format.extent28926118 bytes-
dc.format.mediumapplication/pdf-
dc.language.isoko-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc780-
dc.title가야금산조의 음고 및 음정분석연구-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.description.degreeMaster-
dc.citation.pagesⅸ, 131-
dc.contributor.affiliation음악대학 음악과-
dc.date.awarded2013-02-
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