Ion-exchange mechanism of layered transition-metal oxides: Case study of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2

Abstract

An ion-exchange process can be an effective route to synthesize new quasi-equilibrium phases with a desired crystal structure. Important layered-type battery materials, such as LiMnO2 and LiNiO3Mn0.5O2, can be obtained through this method from a sodium-containing parent structure, and they often show electrochemical properties remarkably distinct from those of their solid-state synthesized equivalents. However, while ion exchange is generally believed to occur via a simple topotactic reaction, the detailed phase transformation mechanism during the process is not yet fully understood. For the case of layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2, we show through ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) that the ion-exchange process consists of several sequential phase transformations. By a study of the intermediate phase, it is shown that the residual sodium ions in the final structure may greatly affect the electrochemical (de)lithiation mechanism.