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Risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and teas and their reduction during grilling meats : 식용유지 및 다류 중 다환방향족탄화수소의 위해성 평가 및 숯불구이 중 저감화

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dc.contributor.advisor강동현-
dc.contributor.author이준구-
dc.date.accessioned2020-05-19T07:48:42Z-
dc.date.available2020-05-19T07:48:42Z-
dc.date.issued2020-
dc.identifier.other000000160207-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/167599-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000160207ko_KR
dc.description학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부,2020. 2. 강동현.-
dc.description.abstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic and genotoxic chemicals naturally derived from food during heat processing. Edible oil is one of the most frequently contaminated foods. Many researches were recently conducted to determine the contents of PAHs and assess their risks, but there have been no studies characterising risks of PAHs by calculating Margin of Exposure (MOE) of total PAHs instead of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) concept in Korea. And tea is one of the most frequently consumed drinks due to its favourite taste and the health benefit. Tea is produced by several processes and drying is important step to develop the flavour and destroys the enzymes in tea. However, during drying tea, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which are carcinogen and genotoxin, are naturally produced. To analyze the 4 PAHs simultaneously, gas chromatography combined by mass spectrometry was optimized. 303 edible oils and 468 tea products were investigated and contaminated by 4 PAHs up to 12.91 ng g-1 and up to 4.63 ng g-1, respectively. The risks of PAHs by drinking tea and consuming edible oils were characterized by determining contents of 4 PAHs in tea and edible oils.
The MOEs were estimated by PAHs contents, daily consumption, and were over 10,000. The risks of PAHs of tea and edible oils in Korea were of low concern. Furthermore, the MOEs of the estimated equivalent BaP calculated by TEFs of other 3 PAHs were higher than those of mixed PAHs, which would be overestimated. The Margin of Exposures (MOEs) calculated by the concentration of BaA, CHR, BbF and BaP and consumption amount of tea and edible oils were higher than 10,000, and the risk of PAHs in tea and edible oils were low concern to public health.
Furthermore, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed when muscle meat is cooked using high-temperature methods, such as grilling directly over an open flame. I investigated the effects of grilling procedures on the level of 4 PAHs; benzo[a]anthracene (B[a]A), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). PAHs were extracted and determined by gas chromatography with mass detection (GC-MS). With regard to barbecuing successive meat samples with the same batch of burning charcoal, it was observed that stable combustion contribute to reduction of PAHs. Significant reductions in the sum of the four PAHs were observed through treatments which removed meat drippings and smoke with alternative grilling apparatus. The sums of 4 PAHs were reduced 48-89 % without dripping and 41-74 % without the smoke in grilled pork and beef meats comparing to conventional grilling. We investigated the components of meats drippings. The major constituent of meat dripping was fat. The most important factor contributing to the production of PAHs in grilling was smoke resulting from incomplete combustion of fat dripped onto the fire.
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dc.description.abstract다환방향족탄화수소는 발암물질이면서 유전독성을 가지고 있으며, 식품가열공정 중 비의도적으로 발생한다. 식품 중 다환방향족탄화수소가 빈번히 발생하는 발생하는 식품으로 식용유지류가 있다. 식용유지 중 다환방향족탄화수소의 오염도를 조사하고 그 위해성을 평가한 연구들이 수행되어져 왔다. 그러나 대부분은 독성등가치를 이용하여 다환방향족탄화수소의 위해성을 평가한 것으로서 노출안전역(MOE)을 이용하여 위해성을 평가한 연구는 많지 않다. 또한 다류는 맛과 건강으로 국내에서 많이 소비되는 음료로서, 향을 풍부하게 하고 차 속의 효소를 파괴하기 위해 가열공정을 거치고 된다. 따라서 이런 가열공정 중 다환방향족탄화수소가 생성될 수 있다. 식용유지와 다류에서의 다환방향족탄화수소의 오염도와 위해성을 평가하기 위해303개의 식용유지와 468개의 다류를 수거하여 Benz(a)anthracene (BaA), Chrysene (CHR), Benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) and Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) 를 분석하였다. 4종의 다환방향족탄화수소를 분석하기 위해 가스크로마토그래피-질량분석기를 이용하였다. 식용유지에서는 불검출~12.91 ng g-1의 오염도를 보였으며, 다류에서는 불검출~4.63 ng g-1 의 오염도를 보였다. 식용유지는 들기름과 참기름에서 다환방향족탄화수소가 상대적으로 높게 검출되었으며, 다류에서는 마테차와 둥굴레차가 상대적으로 높은 오염도를 보였다. 오염도와 식용유지 및 다류의 섭취량을 고려하여 노출량을 평가하고 노출안전역을 구한 결과, 10,000이상으로 평가되어 국내 식용유지와 다류의 섭취에 다른 다환방향족탄화수소의 위해도는 우려한 수준이 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 특히 전통적인 위해평가 방법인 독성등가치를 이용한 결과에 비해 다환방향족탄화수소의 복합체를 이용한 독성평가 결과를 활용한 결과에 비해 과대평가되는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 과거 수행되었던 다환방향족탄화수소의 위해평가 연구들은 최근 제안된 복합체의 독성평가결과를 활용하여 재평가될 필요가 있다. 또한 다환방향족탄화수소는 바비큐 등 숯불구이를 통해 많이 생성되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 이런 숯불구이 방법에 따른 다환방향족탄화수소의 생성량에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 숯불구이 중 다환방향족탄화수소를 분석하기 위해 기체크로마토그래피-질량분석기를 이용하여 동시분석 하였다. 숯불이 안정적으로 연소될 경우에 다환방향족탄화수소의 생성량이 가장 적었으며, 특히 숯불구이 중 고기에서 육즙이 숯불에서 직접 떨어지지 않도록 하고, 숯에서 발생하는 연기를 제거하여 고기에 닿지 않도록 할 경우에 다환방향족탄화수소의 생성량이 줄어들었다. 소고기와 돼지고기 숯불구이 시 육즙이 숯불에 직접 떨어지지 않도록 할 때 다환방향족탄화수소 4종의 합은 48~89% 저감화 되었으며, 연기를 제거할 경우에는 41~74% 저감화되었다. 따라서 숯불구이 중 다환방향족탄화수소 생성의 주요 원인은 숯불구이 중 고기에서 떨어지는 지방들이 숯불에 직접 닿아 불완전 연소하고 이때 발생하는 다환방향족탄화수소가 고기에 이행되어서 생성되는 것으로 확인되었다.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsChapter I. General Introduction 1

Chapter II. Risk Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Edible Oils 10
II-1. Introduction 11
II-2. Materials and Methods 15
Chemicals and materials 15
Pretreatment of Sample 16
Determination of PAHs using GC-MS 17
Quality control 18
Exposure estimation and risk characterization 19
II-3. Results and Discussion 23
Quality control 23
Occurrence of 4 PAHs in edible oils 25
Consumption of edible oils 31
Exposure estimation 33
Risk characterization and Uncertainty 37
Statistical analysis 39
II-4. Conclusion 40

Chapter III. Risk Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Teas 41
III-1. Introduction 42
III-2. Materials and Methods 50
Chemicals and materials 50
Sampling 51
Sample preparation 51
Leached tea and solid tea (powdered leached tea) 51
Solid tea (processed) and liquid tea (preserved by sugar) 53
Liquid tea 54
Determination of PAHs using GC-MS 55
Quality control 58
Exposure estimation and risk characterization 59
Statistical analysis 60
III-3. Results and Discussions 61
Quality control 61
Occurrence of 4 PAHs in teas 65
Consumption of teas 70
Exposure estimation 71
Risk characterization and Uncertainty 80
Statistical analysis 80
III-4. Conclusion 82

Chapter IV. Reduction of Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Grilled Meats 83
IV-1. Introduction 84
IV-2. Materials and Methods 87
Chemicals and materials 87
Sample preparation 87
Charcoal grilling method 89
Conditions of grilling temperature and time 91
Conditions of removing meat drippings 93
Conditions of removing smoke from flame of charcoals 95
Determination of PAHs using GC-MS 97
Quality contro 99
Analysis of meat droppings 100
Statistical analysis 100
IV-3. Results and Discussion 101
Quality control 101
The levels of the 4 PAHs according to different conditions of grilling temperature and time 104
Occurrence of PAHs in different fat contents 106
Analysis of meat dripping 108
Reduction of occurrence of PAHs by removing meat dripping 110
Reduction of occurrence of PAHs by removing smoke from flame of charcolas 112
IV-4. Conclusion 116

References 119
국문 초록 143
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dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subject.ddc630-
dc.titleRisk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and teas and their reduction during grilling meats-
dc.title.alternative식용유지 및 다류 중 다환방향족탄화수소의 위해성 평가 및 숯불구이 중 저감화-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorLee, Joon-Goo-
dc.contributor.department농업생명과학대학 농생명공학부-
dc.description.degreeDoctor-
dc.date.awarded2020-02-
dc.contributor.major식품공학-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000160207-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000042▲000000000044▲000000160207▲-
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