鞠躬인가 五拜三叩頭인가?: 조서를 맞이하는 예식을 둘러싼 조선과 명 사신 간의 갈등에 관한 탐색

Abstract

During the first half of the Joseon Dynasty, conflicts between the Joseon court and Ming envoy occasionally happened. Among these conflicts, the main and continuing problem was the ceremony procedure of accepting Joseo(詔書) outside the capital city gate. The Joseon side tried to receive Joseo(詔書) in Kuk-kung(鞠躬) manner. On the contrary, Ming envoy said that it should be received in Opasankodu(五拜三叩頭) manner. There were several times confrontations over this issue. In 1537, when the Joseon embraced the demand of Ming envoy, finally the confrontation came to an end with reception of Joseo(詔書) in Opasankodu(五拜三叩頭) manner. The Joseon was trying to practice Kuk-kung(鞠躬) manner, based on Bunkukuiju(蕃國儀注) given by Ming emperor Taejo(太祖). However, the protocol for YeongJo(迎詔) ritual, which was written after Bunkukuiju(蕃國儀注), was prescribed that the king of Bunkuk(蕃國) would receive Joseo(詔書) in Opasankodu(五拜三叩頭) manner. Such a modification was made, in dimension of Ilsidongin(一視同仁), for Bunkuk(蕃國) to receive Joseo(詔書) in Opasankodu(五拜三叩頭) manner as in the case of the provinces of the Ming Dynasty. Although the Ming Dynasty, in order to implement the more complete Ilsidongin(一視同仁), wrote the revised protocol for YeongJo(迎詔) ritual after the completion of the Bunkukuiju(蕃國儀注), it did not take any official or institutional measures to implement it. Because of this, the act of asking the Joseon to receive Joseo(詔書) in Opasankodu(五拜三叩頭) manner depended on the individual ability, interest, and inclination of the individual envoy, and occurred in an irregular and intermittent manner. It was not because the ceremony had a humiliating meaning for the ceremony that the Joseon dynasty strove not to receive Joseo(詔書) in Opasankodu(五拜三叩頭) manner. The Joseon court thought that the reception of Joseo(詔書) in Kuk-kung(鞠躬) manner had been done a long time before and it was reasonable in terms of courtesy. In addition, the Joseon court could not have revised the way of the original by believing only these words because some Ming envoys made objection. Therefore, for the Joseon dynasty the acceptance of Opasankodu(五拜三叩頭) manner was meaningful to discard the existing one rather than to accept the new one. In other words, for the Joseon dynasty the acceptance of Opasankodu(五拜三叩頭) manner would have come as a result of the amity of Ming emperor Taejo(太祖) and the amendment of the ritual which has been followed since. In other words, it would be regrettable for the Joseon that they changed the ritual which had been done since Ming emperor Taejo(太祖) gave the protocol. In addition, for the Joseon dynasty the acceptance of Opasankodu(五拜三叩頭) manner implied the observance of more appropriate and proper ritual, and the acceptance of World courtesy(天下通禮).