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Occupational Exposure to Particulate Matter, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals among Workers at Korean BBQ Restaurant : 육류직화구이 음식점 근로자의 입자상 물질, 중금속 및 다환방향족탄화수소 노출평가

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dc.contributor.advisor윤충식-
dc.contributor.author조혜리-
dc.date.accessioned2020-10-13T03:22:08Z-
dc.date.available2020-10-13T03:22:08Z-
dc.date.issued2020-
dc.identifier.other000000163078-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/169881-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000163078ko_KR
dc.description학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 보건대학원 환경보건학과, 2020. 8. 윤충식.-
dc.description.abstractObjective Korean BBQ restaurants use charcoal as a principal fuel source. During the process of meat roasting, cooking related emissions, such as: particulate matter (PM), heavy metals, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are released, and are associated with adverse health effects. Although the emission characteristics of these substances have been previously studied in Korean BBQ restaurants, exposure assessments of workers to these substances remains under investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the occupational exposure of restaurant workers to these emitted substances, as well as to determine workers cancer risk potentials.
Methods Three Korean BBQ restaurants were investigated in this study. Personal and area samples were collected to determine concentrations of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), heavy metals, and 16 PAHs in the halls, kitchens, and charcoal storages of each respective restaurant. Personal samples were taken from both hall and kitchen workers. For each restaurant, all samples were collected on different days for 8 hours per day, excluding break times. PAHs were analyzed using Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Heavy metals were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) was assessed in accordance with risk assessment guidance established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).
Results The Geometric mean (GM) concentration of TSP by place was found in the order of: charcoal storage (196.30±1.97 μg/m3), hall (86.61±1.76 μg/m3), kitchen (44.39±2.60 μg/m3), and outdoor air (15.37±2.47 μg/m3). The TSP exposures of hall workers (141.45±2.08 μg/m3) were about 3.8 times higher than those of kitchen workers (41.15±1.88 μg/m3) (p <0.001). The area and personal air concentrations of heavy metals were lower than standards set forth by Korea OEL. However, lead concentrations slightly exceeded Korean air quality standards of 0.5 ug/m3. Cadmium and manganese exceeded WHO reference recommended standards of 0.005 ug/m3 and 0.15 ug/m3 , respectively. The average concentrations of total PAHs were not significantly different in the halls, kitchens, and charcoal storages. The average concentration of total PAHs of hall workers (1.77±1.89 μg/ m3) was significantly higher than that of kitchen workers (0.23±2.04 μg/ m3) (p<0.001). 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs were most commonly detected in the two groups. The ILCR average for PAHs was 9.5×10-5 for hall workers and 1.0×10-4 for kitchen workers. Among 25 workers, occupational exposure to PAH in two hall workers and one kitchen worker exceeded the reference value.
Conclusions Occupational exposures of TSP, PAHs, and heavy metals to workers in Korean grilled meat restaurant were measured. Hall workers igniting and carrying charcoal had higher TSP and PAHs exposure. The heavy metal exposure values of both hall and kitchen workers were below Koreas OEL. Hall workers were more likely to exceed the cancer risk reference value than kitchen workers. Therefore, it is necessary to manage these harmful substances in order to reduce worker exposure to the lowest possible level.
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dc.description.abstract연구배경: 한국 육류직화구이 음식점은 주로 숯을 연료로 사용하며이를 이용하여 육류를 조리하는 과정에서 건강상 악영향을 미치는 입자상 물질, 중금속 및 다환방향족탄화수소와 같은 유해물질을 발생시킨다. 선행연구는 이러한 물질의 배출 특성을 연구한 것이 대부분이며, 근로자에 대한 개인 노출 평가를 조사한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구의 목적은 한국 육류직화구이 음식점에서 근무하는 종사자들에 대하여 입자상 물질, 중금속 및 다환방향족탄화수소와 같은 주요 유해 물질에 대한 직업 노출을 평가하고, 이에 상응하는 발암 위해도를 조사하는 것이다.
연구방법: 수도권 소재의 육류직화구이 음식점 3 곳을 선정하여 연구를 진행하였다. 홀, 부엌 및 숯 저장소와 음식점의 홀 및 근로자를 대상으로 총 분진, 시중 일부 숯 제품이 함유하고 있다고 알려진 중금속 6종 및 EPA에서 우선지정관리물질로 지정한 16 종의 PAHs 에 대한 노출 평가를 진행하였다. 개인 및 지역 시료 모두 근로자의 호흡기 영역에서 휴식시간을 제외한 8시간동안 수집되었으며, 각 음식점마다 3일 반복 측정되었다. 총 분진의 경우 밸런스를 이용하여 정량적으로 무게를 재었으며, PAHs와 중금속의 경우 NIOSH method 5515와 7730을 기반으로 하여금 각각 GC-MS 와 ICP-MS를 이용하여 정량분석을 실시하였다. 발암 위해도는 US EPA의 Risk Assessment Guidance에 따라 계산 및 평가하였다.
결과: 장소 별 총 분진 평균 농도는 숯 저장소 > 홀 > 부엌 > 대조군(외기) 순서인 것을 나타냈다. 홀 근로자의 총 분진 농도 141.45±2.08 μg/m3 수준으로 주방 근로자(41.15±1.88 μg/m3)보다 약 3.8 배 높음을 확인하였다(p <0.001). 본 연구에서 측정 한 중금속의 지역 및 개인 시료에서 둘다 한국의 OEL 미만이었으나, 납의 경우 대기환경기준을, 카드뮴 및 망간의 경우 WHO 권고기준을을 초과하였다. 총 PAHs의 평균 농도는 홀, 부엌 및 숯 저장에서 통계적으로 차이가 나지 않았으며, (각각 0.21± 4.81 μg/m3, 0.30 ±2.69 μg/m3, 0.27 ±4.66 μg/m3). 홀 근로자 및 주방 근로자에 대한 총 PAHs의 평균 농도는 각각 1.77±1.89 μg/m3 및 0.23±2.04 μg/m3으로, 숯을 직접적으로 다루는 홀 근로자가 주방근로자보다 더 노출되는 것을 확인하였다. PAHs의 발암 위해도는 홀 근로자의 경우 9.5×10-5, 주방 근로자의 경우 1.0 ×10-4이였으며, 25명의 근로자 중 2명의 홀 근로자와 1명의 주방 근로자가 기준을 초과하였다.
결론: 본 연구는 한국 육류직화구이 음식점의 근로자들에 대에 총 분진, 중금속, 다환방향족탄화수소를 노출 평가하였으며, 그에 따르는 발암 위해도를 평가하였다. 숯을 점화 및 운반하는 홀 근로자는 주방 근로자보다 높은 TSP 및 PAHs 노출 값을 나타내었으며, 더 많은 홀 근로자가 주방 근로자보다 발암위험기준을 초과하였다. 개인의 중금속 노출 수준은 한국의 직업 노출 한계 미만이었다. 그러나 납의 경우 한국 대기환경기준을 초과하였으며, 카드뮴 및 납은 WHO의 권고 기준을 초과하였다. 한국 육류직화구이 음식점은 관련 근로자뿐만 아니라, 다양한 연령대의 이용객이 이용하므로 이러한 유해물질은 가능한 낮은 수준으로 관리될 필요가 있다.
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dc.description.tableofcontents1. Introduction 1
2. Materials and Methods 6
2.1. Study design 6
2.2. Sampling and analysis 10
2.2.1 Air sampling and analysis of TSP and PAHs 10
2.2.2 Air sampling and analysis of heavy metals 13
2.3 Quality assurance and Quality controls(QA/QC) 15
2.4. Estimation of Cancer Risks 16
2.5. Statistical analysis 18
3. Results 19
3.1. Personal and area concentrations 19
3.1.1 Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 19
3.1.2 Heavy metals 24
3.1.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 33
3.2. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) 37
4. Discussion 39
5. Conclusion 48
6. References 49
국문초록 54
Appendices 57


List of Tables

Table 1. Characteristic information of three Korean BBQ restaurant. 8
Table 2. The conditions of GC/MDS analyzed of PAHs 12
Table 3. The conditions of ICP/MS analyzed of Heavy metals 14
Table 4. TSP concentration in air (μg/㎥) determined via area and personal sampling in three Korean BBQ restaurants 21
Table 5. Heavy metals concentration in air (μg/㎥) determined via personal sampling in three Korean BBQ restaurants 28
Table 6. Heavy metals concentration in air (μg/㎥) determined via area sampling in three Korean BBQ restaurants 30
Table 7. PAHs concentration in air (㎍/㎥) determined via area sampling by location in three Korean BBQ restaurants. 35
Table 8. Comparison of total PAHs concentrations (μg/m3) and cancer risk in this study with other available data. 46

List of Figures

Figure 1. Restaurant schematic and sample location, the icons are the sampling locations 9
Figure 2 Box plots of TSP concentration in air (μg/㎥) determined via area and personal by (a) hall, kitchen, storage and Outdoor and (b) hall workers and kitchen workers . 23
Figure 3 Bar plots of Heavy metals concentration in air (μg/㎥) determined via personal sample in three Korean BBQ restaurants. 26
Figure 4 Bar plots of Heavy metals concentration in air (μg/㎥) determined via area sample in three Korean BBQ restaurants. 27
Figure 5 PAHs concentration in air (μg/㎥) determined via personal sampling by location in three Korean BBQ restaurants.. 34
Figure 6 Incremental lifetime cancer risk estimation of workers based on concentrations of PAHs and three heavy metals (; lead, cadmium and arsenic) in three Korean BBQ restaurants.).. 38
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dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectCooking related emission-
dc.subjectCharcoal-
dc.subjectexposure assessment-
dc.subjectPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-
dc.subjectparticulate matters-
dc.subjectheavy metals-
dc.subject다환방향족탄화수소-
dc.subject중금속-
dc.subjectICLR-
dc.subject노출 평가-
dc.subject육류직화구이-
dc.subject.ddc363.7-
dc.titleOccupational Exposure to Particulate Matter, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals among Workers at Korean BBQ Restaurant-
dc.title.alternative육류직화구이 음식점 근로자의 입자상 물질, 중금속 및 다환방향족탄화수소 노출평가-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorHyeri Jo-
dc.contributor.department보건대학원 환경보건학과-
dc.description.degreeMaster-
dc.date.awarded2020-08-
dc.contributor.major산업보건-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000163078-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000043▲000000000048▲000000163078▲-
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