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Vegetation change of natural salt marsh for past 16 years at Donggeom, Ganghwa island : 강화 동검도 자연 염습지의 16년간 식생 변화
DC Field | Value | Language |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 이은주 | - |
dc.contributor.author | 정재상 | - |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-11-30T04:49:08Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2021-11-30T04:49:08Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2021-02 | - |
dc.identifier.other | 000000165586 | - |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/10371/176007 | - |
dc.identifier.uri | https://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000165586 | ko_KR |
dc.description | 학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 자연과학대학 생명과학부, 2021. 2. 이은주. | - |
dc.description.abstract | Salt marshes are wetlands located on the shore that are exposed or submerged in salt water by waves. As an ecosystem that connects marine ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems, it has high absorption of carbon and heavy metals and is a home for many organisms. Changes in the rate of sea level rise, the amount of sediment inflow or outflow, and nutrients due to human influence can reduce the area of the salt marsh. In Donggeom-do, Ganghwa, there are some natural salt marshes. However, since 1980, many reclamation and construction projects have been carried out in the waters near Ganghwa Island due to the construction of the Gimpo landfill site and the Incheon International Airport, resulting in sedimentation up to 7 cm per year in the eastern tidal flat of Donggeom-do in the 2000s. Although the sedimentation rate in the eastern tidal flat of Donggeom-do stabilized in 2010, it was necessary to observe how the area and vegetation of the salt marsh had changed. I checked the vegetation changes in the salt marsh over 16 years where a preceding researcher surveyed the vegetation of it in 2004.
As a result of vegetation surveys on the salt marshes in the eastern part of Donggeom-do (site 1) and the salt marshes in the western part (site 2), a total of 61 species occurred, including 20 species of halophytes. Site 1 was distributed with Phragmites communis, Carex scabrifolia, Triglochin maritima, and Zoysia sinica communities, and site 2 had 12 dominant halophyte communities including P. communis and Suaeda japonica communities. Depending on the area of each communities, a total of 128 square quadrats with a size of 1 x 1 m2 were installed to measure coordinates, altitude, coverage of each species occurred in the quadrat, height of the above-ground part of the species and cover of bare ground. Based on the occurrence/absence data with their coverage, I conducted a cluster analysis by Ward. D linkage method with Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix. It was divided into cluster A, dominated by P. communis, cluster B, dominated by S. japonica, and cluster C, communities except P. communis and S. japonica. As a result of comparing the area of each communities of the salt marsh based on the existing vegetation and the data in 2004, the P. communis community increased from 944.8 m2 to 5085.1 m2, while Limonium tetragonum and S. japonica communities disappeared, resulting in a total area from 1625.0 m2 to 5661.4 m2, increased less than the area increase of the P. communis community. At the location where the S. japonica community disappeared, there was a T. maritima community. As a result of comparing the area of P. communis community between 2004 and 2020 using orthoimages in polygons, it was confirmed that the area of P. communis community increased over the past 16 years. As a result of checking whether there are differences by environmental factors between the clusters previously divided by PERMANOVA, it was found that there were significant differences in altitude, soil moisture, soil organic matter, salinity, sand, clay and silt ratios. CCA analysis based on the coverage of each species occurred in the quadrat resulted the proportion of sand increased as the altitude increased. It was found that the S. japonica appeared in soil with a relatively high silt proportion. In the case of the P. communis community, it was confirmed that it distributed at a lower salinity. It seems that the P. communis community can expand toward the salty sea, with the drainage which fresh water flows as the source area. | - |
dc.description.abstract | 염습지는 파도에 의해 염수에 잠기거나 드러나는 해안에 위치한 습지이다. 그리고 해양 생태계와 육상 생태계를 연결하며 탄소 및 중금속 흡수력이 높으며 많은 생물들의 터전이 된다. 인간의 영향으로 해수면의 상승 속도, 유입 또는 유출되는 퇴적물의 양, 영양분에 변화가 생길 경우 염습지의 면적이 감소할 수 있다. 강화 동검도에는 일부 자연성을 유지한 염습지가 분포하고 있다. 그러나 1980년부터 김포 매립지, 인천국제공항 건설 등으로 강화도 인근 해역에 많은 매립 및 건설 사업이 진행되어 동검도 동부 갯벌에서 2000년대 최대 연 7 cm까지 퇴적이 일어나기도 했다. 2010년에 들어서 동검도 동부 갯벌에서 퇴적 속도가 안정이 되기는 했지만 염습지의 면적 및 식생은 어떻게 변화했을 지 관찰할 필요가 있다고 판단, 2004년에 선행 연구자가 식생조사를 진행한 곳을 방문하여 16년간 염습지의 식생 변화를 확인하였다.
동검도 동부(site 1)의 염습지와 서부(site 2)의 염습지를 대상으로 식생조사를 진행한 결과 염생식물 20종을 포함하여 총 61종이 출현하였다. Site 1은 갈대 군락을 비롯하여 천일사초, 지채, 갯잔디 군락이 분포하고 있었고 site 2는 갈대 군락와 칠면초 군락을 포함하여 12 종의 우점 군락이 분포하고 있었다. 군락별 면적에 따라 1 x 1 m2 크기의 방형구를 총 128개 설치하여 좌표, 고도, 출현종별 피도, 지상부의 높이, 나지의 피도를 측정하였다. 출현종별 피도를 기준으로 Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix를 바탕으로 Ward. D linkage 방법으로 군집 분석을 한 결과 갈대가 우점하는 A 군집, 칠면초가 우점하는 B군집, 갈대와 칠면초 군락을 제외한 C 군집으로 나뉘었다. 2004년에 선행 연구자가 작성한 현존 식생도와 이번에 조사한 자료를 바탕으로 염습지의 군락별 면적을 비교하였다. 갈대 군락이 944.8 m2에서 5085.1 m2로 증가하는 한편, 갯질경과 칠면초 군락이 사라져 총 면적은 1625.0 m2에서 5661.4 m2로 갈대 군락의 면적 증가폭보다는 작게 증가하였다. 칠면초 군락이 출현했던 위치에는 지채 군락이 분포하고 있었다. 정사영상을 이용하여 2004년과 2020년 사이의 기간에 갈대 군락의 면적을 폴리곤으로 작성하여 비교한 결과 갈대 군락의 면적은 지난 16년간 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. PERMANOVA로 앞서 나눈 군집간 환경 요인별 차이가 있는지 확인한 결과 고도, 토양 수분, 토양 유기물 함량, 염도, 모래, 미사, 점토의 비율이 유의하게 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 방형구 내 출현종별 피도를 바탕으로 CCA 분석을 한 결과 고도가 증가할수록 모래의 비율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 칠면초는 비교적 미사 비율이 높은 토양에서 출현하는 것으로 나타났다. 갈대 군락의 경우 보다 낮은 염도에서 분포하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Site 1에 존재하는 담수가 흘러들 수 있는 배수구를 source area로 시작하여 염도가 높은 바다 쪽으로 갈대 군락이 확장할 수 있는 것으로 보인다. | - |
dc.description.tableofcontents | Abstract 3
Table of Contents 6 Chapter Ⅰ. General introduction 10 1.1 Definition of salt marsh 11 1.2 Change detection of vegetated area on salt marsh 12 1.3 Phragmites communis at salt marsh 13 1.4 Salt marshes of Donggeom-do, Ganghwa 13 1.5 Objectives of this study 15 Chapter Ⅱ. Vegetation change at salt marshes of Donggeom-do for last 16 years (2004 2020) 16 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Methods 21 2.2.1 Study sites 21 2.2.2 Field surveys 23 2.2.3 Vegetation mapping 25 2.2.4 Comparison of salt marsh vegetated area 27 2.2.5 Statistical studies 28 2.3 Results 29 2.3.1 Salt marsh vegetation of east and west Donggeom 29 2.3.2 Result of cluster analysis 36 2.3.3 Vegetated salt marsh comparison between 2004 and 2020 40 2.4 Discussion 46 2.4.1 Salt marsh vegetation of east and west Donggeom 46 2.4.2 Vegetated salt marsh comparison between past and present 48 2.5 Conclusion 51 Chapter Ⅲ. Factors influencing halophyte distribution of salt marsh at Donggeom-do, Ganghwa 53 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Methods 56 3.2.1 Soil analysis 56 3.2.2 Statistical analysis 57 3.3 Results 60 3.3.1 Soil analysis 60 3.3.2 Environmental variables 61 3.3.3 Visualization of environmental variables and vegetation of Phragmites communis 65 3.4 Discussion 70 3.5 Conclusion 73 Chapter Ⅳ. General discussion 74 Bibliography 80 Appendix 88 Abstract in Korean 93 Table 1. Images used in vegetated area of salt marsh comparison 28 Table 2. List of plant species occurred in study sites 30 Table 3. Area of each salt marsh vegetation(m2) 34 Table 4. Area of each salt marsh vegetation(m2) surveyed on 2004 41 Table 5. List of plant species occurred in site 1 on 2004 42 Table 6. Vegetation area of Phragmites communis (m2) at site 1 44 Table 7. Mean values of environmental factors with standard deviations in parentheses across the three clusters and control groups 63 Figure 1. Locations of study sites 23 Figure 2. Parts of field survey 26 Figure 3. Vegetation map of study sites surveyed in 2020 35 Figure 4. Cluster dendrogram based on occurrence and abundance data of quadrats 38 Figure 5. NMDS ordination based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity 39 Figure 6. Vegetation map of site 1 surveyed on 2004 42 Figure 7. Vegetation map of Phragmites communis 45 Figure 8. Soil texture graph 61 Figure 9. Pearson correlation index between environmental variables 62 Figure 10. Ordination of CCA 65 Figure 11. Spatial distributions of environmental variables in study sites 67 Figure 12. Prediction of P. communis abundance and relative height distribution across study sites 69 | - |
dc.format.extent | vii, 85 | - |
dc.language.iso | eng | - |
dc.publisher | 서울대학교 대학원 | - |
dc.subject | coastal salt marsh | - |
dc.subject | Donggeom-do | - |
dc.subject | vegetation change | - |
dc.subject | halophyte | - |
dc.subject | Phragmites communis | - |
dc.subject | 해안 염습지 | - |
dc.subject | 동검도 | - |
dc.subject | 식생 변화 | - |
dc.subject | 염생식물 | - |
dc.subject | 갈대 | - |
dc.subject.ddc | 570 | - |
dc.title | Vegetation change of natural salt marsh for past 16 years at Donggeom, Ganghwa island | - |
dc.title.alternative | 강화 동검도 자연 염습지의 16년간 식생 변화 | - |
dc.type | Thesis | - |
dc.type | Dissertation | - |
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthor | Jaesang Chung | - |
dc.contributor.department | 자연과학대학 생명과학부 | - |
dc.description.degree | Master | - |
dc.date.awarded | 2021-02 | - |
dc.contributor.major | 식물생태학 | - |
dc.identifier.uci | I804:11032-000000165586 | - |
dc.identifier.holdings | 000000000044▲000000000050▲000000165586▲ | - |
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