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CPNE7-Induced Autophagy in Mature Odontoblast and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction in Alveolar Bone : 성숙한 상아모세포에서 CPNE7 유도-자가포식과 치조골에서 상피간엽상호작용

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dc.contributor.advisor박주철-
dc.contributor.author손철-
dc.date.accessioned2022-04-05T04:31:24Z-
dc.date.available2022-04-05T04:31:24Z-
dc.date.issued2021-
dc.identifier.other000000166905-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/177559-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000166905ko_KR
dc.description학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 치과대학 치의과학과, 2021.8. 박형서.-
dc.description.abstract치아와 치주조직의 발생은 치성 상피와 간엽 간의 순차적인 상호작용을 통해 조절된다. 상피간엽상호작용에는 Copine-7 (CPNE7)과 Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)와 같은 다양한 요소들이 작용한다. CPNE7은 상아모세포 분화와 세관 상아질 형성에, BMP4는 사지의 형태 형성과 골 형성에 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려져 있다. 하지만 CPNE7의 생리적 상아질 재생과정이나 BMP4에 대한 치조골과 장골의 다른 반응성의 작용 기전은 아직 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았다.
상아모세포는 수십 년 동안 생체 내에 살아남아 있으며 세포 노화에 따른 지속적인 기능의 감소와 함께 다양한 특징을 나타내는 유사분열 후 장수하는 세포로 알려져 있다. 따라서 생리적 상아질 재생을 위해서는 성숙하거나 나이 든 상아모세포의 기능 회복이 필수적이다. 하지만 지금까지 성숙한 상아모세포의 활성을 조절하는 물질은 알려진 바 없다. 이 연구에서는 CPNE7이 자가포식을 유도함으로써 성숙한 상아모세포를 기능적으로 재활성화 시킬 수 있음을 밝혔다. CPNE7은 전상아모세포와 성숙한 상아모세포에서 자가포식의 지표로 널리 알려진 microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3 II)의 발현과 자가포식소체의 형성을 증가시켰다. 그리고 CPNE7 처리된 성숙한 상아모세포에서 상아질 무기질 침착 지표인 DSP와 DMP-1, 상아질 형성능이 자가포식에 의해 증가했다. 또한 CPNE7에 의해 자가포식이 유도되었을 때 상아모세포 돌기 지표인 NESTIN과 TAU의 발현이 증가했고, 새롭게 활성화된 성숙한 상아모세포의 돌기가 생리적 상아모세포 돌기 형태를 띠었다. 이와 더불어 세포 내에서 세포의 기능을 방해하고 독성을 띠는 노화 색소로 알려진 지방갈색소도 제거했다. 생쥐의 치아 손상모델을 통해 CPNE7은 생체 내에서도 위와 같은 현상들을 동반하며 생리적 상아질을 재생했다. 자가포식 유도제로 가장 잘 알려진 rapamycin 역시 전상아모세포와 성숙한 상아모세포에서 자가포식을 증가시키는 것을 확인했지만 성숙한 상아모세포는 온전히 재활성화 시키지 못했다. 요약하면 위의 결과들은 CPNE7이 성숙한 상아모세포에서 rapamycin과는 다른 방법으로 자가포식을 유도함으로써 상아질 형성과 상아모세포 돌기 연장, 지방갈색소 제거 능력을 복구시킴을 나타낸다.
치조골은 주어지는 자극의 방향에 맞춰 치아를 재배치 함으로써 치아와 치주조직 유지에 중요한 역할을 한다. 그리고 여타의 뼈들과는 달리 치조골은 외부의 물리적 또는 약리적 자극에 대해 다른 반응성을 나타낸다. 특히 장골과 치조골은 근본적인 차이를 지니는데, 이는 발생학적 기원과 상피간엽상호작용이 다르다는 것이다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 근본적인 차이가 치조골과 장골의 서로 다른 반응성을 나타낼 수 있음을 밝혔다. 이를 확인하기 위해서 생쥐의 치조골과 장골의 세포를 일차배양했다. 치조골과 장골에서 얻은 세포들은 형태나 증식률에서는 비슷한 특징을 보였지만 신경능선, 상피간엽상호작용 연관된 유전자의 발현과 무기질 침착능은 다르게 나타났다. 게다가 두 세포의 전사체 프로파일 또한 골 형성, 신경능선, 상피간엽상호작용 연관된 유전자들에서 다른 발현 양상을 보였으며, 그러한 유전자들의 대부분은 골 분화 과정 동안에도 발현 양상에 차이를 보였다. 상피간엽상호작용 연관 단백질 중 BMP4가 골 형성 연관 유전자들과 Msx2, Dlx5, Bmp2의 발현을 장골보다 치조골 유래 세포에서 더 많이 증가시키는 것을 확인했다. 이러한 양상은 골 분화 과정 동안 더 명확하게 확인됐다. 게다가 BMP4가 처리된 치조골 유래 세포는 장골 유래 세포보다 생체 내에서 더 많은 뼈를 형성했다. 이번 연구에서 이러한 발견은 상피간엽상호작용이 치조골과 장골에서 유전자를 다르게 조절함으로써 이에 대한 반응성 역시 다르게 나타남을 보여준다.
총괄해서 보면 이 연구들은 성숙한 상아모세포를 재활성화 시킴으로써 생리적 상아질을 재생하는 CPNE7과 상피간엽상호작용 연관 인자이며 치조골 특이적인 골 형성능을 보이는 BMP4의 작용 기전을 제공한다. 이는 치아와 치조골 손상을 표적으로 하는 CPNE7과 BMP4의 임상적 적용 가능성을 시사한다.
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dc.description.abstractTooth and periodontal development are modulated by reciprocal and sequential interaction between dental mesenchyme and epithelium, an epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI). EMI includes various factors such as Copine-7 (CPNE7) and Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). CPNE7 is known to play an essential role in odontoblast differentiation and tubular dentin formation. BMP4 is known to play an important role in limb patterning and skeletogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms of CPNE7 on physiological dentin regeneration and different responsiveness of alveolar bone and long bone by BMP4 have not yet been elucidated.
Odontoblasts, long-lived post-mitotic cells, can live for decades in the organism and exhibit a distinct type of cellular aging characterized by a progressive functional decline. Consequently, restoring the function of mature or aged odontoblasts in the tooth is essential for physiological dentin regeneration; however, no molecule regulating the cellular activity of mature odontoblasts has yet been identified. I suggest that CPNE7 can reactivate the function of mature odontoblasts by inducing autophagy. CPNE7 elevated expression of widely used autophagy marker, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3 II), and autophagosome formation in pre-odontoblasts and mature odontoblasts. Dentin mineralization markers, DSP and DMP-1, and dentin formation capacity were increased in recombinant CPNE7-treated mature odontoblasts by CPNE7-induced autophagy. Also, odontoblast process markers, NESTIN and TAU, expression were elevated, and morphology of mature odontoblast process was identical as physiological odontoblast process when autophagy was induced by CPNE7. Furthermore, CPNE7 eliminated lipofuscin, the aging pigment which obstructs cellular function and gives off toxicity, in mature odontoblasts by inducing autophagy. These phenomena were also identical in vivo mouse indirect pulp capping model with physiological dentin regeneration. Even though rapamycin, the most renowned activator of autophagy, also elevated autophagy in pre-odontoblasts and mature odontoblasts, its reactivation capacity on mature odontoblasts was insufficient compared to CPNE7. In short, these results suggest that CPNE7 restores the capacity of dentin formation, odontoblast process elongation, and removal of lipofuscin in mature odontoblasts by inducing autophagy in some other way of rapamycin.
Alveolar bone plays a crucial role in maintaining tooth and periodontium structure by repositioning the tooth in the direction of the stimulus. It has distinct characteristics to other bones such as sensitivity to external mechanical or pharmacological stimuli. Especially, long bone and alveolar bone have fundamental differences. They are derived from the different developmental origin, lateral plate and neural crest (NC), respectively and experience different epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI) during development. For these reasons, I suggest that these fundamental differences can make distinct responsiveness of alveolar bone and long bone. For the research, I harvested primary mouse bone derived-cells from the alveolar and long bone. Although mouse alveolar bone derived-cells (mABDCs) and mouse long bone derived-cells (mLBDCs) exhibited some similar properties like morphology and proliferation rates, both showed distinct expression of NC and EMI-related genes and mineralization capacity. Moreover, transcriptome profiles showed disparate patterns, notably on osteogenic, NC, and EMI-related genes. Expression patterns of most of these genes were distinguishable during osteogenic differentiation. Among the EMI-related proteins, BMP4 elevated the expression of several osteogenic genes, Msx2, Dlx5, and Bmp2, more noticeably in mABDCs than in mLBDCs. These patterns were more obviously verified during osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, BMP4-treated mABDC showed massive alveolar bone formation in vivo ectopic transplantation as opposed to its counterpart. The finding of the present study provides a glimpse of different responsiveness to EMI by distinct gene regulation of alveolar bone and long bone.
Collectively, these studies provide the underlying mechanism of CPNE7 regenerating physiological dentin through reactivation of mature odontoblasts and an EMI-related factor, BMP4, which has critical bone formation effects on alveolar bone. Together, they also introduce the potential of CPNE7 and BMP4 as dentinal and alveolar bone loss-targeted clinical applications respectively.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsCHAPTER Ⅰ. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1. Odontoblast 1
2. Autophagy 2
3. Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction 3
4. Copine-7 (CPNE7) 4
5. Alveolar bone 5
6. Rationale and outline of the thesis experiments 6
CHAPTER Ⅱ. CPNE7-Induced Autophagy Restores the Physiological Function of Mature Odontoblasts 8
Ⅰ. ABSTRACT 9
Ⅱ. INTRODUCTION 11
Ⅲ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 14
1. Indirect Pulp Capping Model With Canine Teeth 14
2. Cell Culture 14
3. Western blot analysis 15
4. Immunocytochemistry and Immunofluorescence 16
5. TEM Analysis 17
6. Alizarin Red S Staining for Mineralized Matrix 17
7. Ectopic Transplantation in vivo and Histological Analysis 18
8. H&E and Masson's Trichrome Staining 18
9. Lipofuscin Analysis 19
10. Mouse Indirect Pulp Capping and Tissue Preparation 19
11. Immunohistochemistry 20
12. Statistical Analysis 20
Ⅳ. RESULTS 22
1. CPNE7 Induces Autophagic Activity in Both Pre-odontoblasts and Mature Odontoblasts 22
2. CPNE7 Promotes Odontoblast Differentiation and Dentin Formation by Inducing Autophagy in a Manner Different From That of Rapamycin 26
3. CPNE7 Stimulates Odontoblast Process Elongation 31
4. CPNE7 Removes Lipofuscin From Mature Odontoblasts 36
5. CPNE7 Promotes Physiological Dentin Formation in vivo 38
Ⅴ. DISCUSSION 43
CHAPTER Ⅲ. Different Responsiveness of Alveolar Bone and Long Bone to Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction-Related Factor 50
Ⅰ. ABSTRACT 51
Ⅱ. INTRODUCTION 53
Ⅲ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 55
1. Tissue preparation and histology 55
2. Primary cell culture 55
3. Real-time PCR analysis 56
4. Alizarin Red S staining for mineralized matrix 58
5. Cell proliferation assay 58
6. mRNA-seq data 59
7. Western blot analysis 60
8. Ectopic transplantation in vivo and histological analysis 61
9. Statistical analysis 62
Ⅳ. RESULTS 63
1. Comparing the development of alveolar bone and long bone 63
2. Distinct characteristics of primary mouse alveolar bone and long bone-derived cells 66
3. Different effects of dental epithelial secreted proteins in mABDCs and mLBDCs 73
4. BMP4 elevates alveolar bone formation more than long bone formation 80
Ⅴ. DISCUSSION 85
CHAPTER Ⅳ. CONCLUDING REMARKS 94
REFERENCES 96
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 104
LIST OF TableS AND FIGURES .
Table 1. Primers used for realtime PCR . 57
Figure 1. CPNE7 induces autophagic activity in both pre-odontoblasts and mature odontoblasts 23
Figure 2. CPNE7 promotes odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation by inducing autophagy in mature odontoblasts 27
Figure 3. CPNE7 promotes mineralized nodule formation by inducing autophagy in mature odontoblast 30
Figure 4. CPNE7 stimulates odontoblast process elongation 33
Figure 5. CPNE7 stimulates odontoblast process elongation in mature odontoblast 35
Figure 6. Lipofuscin progressively accumulated in mature odontoblasts 37
Figure 7. CPNE7 removed lipofuscin in mature odontoblasts 39
Figure 8. CPNE7 promotes the formation of dentin in vivo 41
Figure 9. Schematic illustration of the effects of CPNE7 in mature odontoblasts 48
Figure 10. Alveolar bone and long bone development during mouse tooth development stage 64
Figure 11. Characteristics of mouse alveolar bone and long bone derived cells 67
Figure 12. Characteristics of alveolar bone and long bone 69
Figure 13. Functional analysis of RNA sequencing data 71
Figure 14. Relative mRNA expression of CNCrelated genes 72
Figure 15. Expression levels of osteogenic, NC, and EMI-related genes during osteogenic differentiation in mLBDCs and mABDCs 74
Figure 16. Expression levels of osteogenic, NC, and EMI-related genes in mLBDCs and mABDCs after EMI-related proteins treatment 77
Figure 17. Expression levels of osteogenic, NC, and EMI-related genes in BMP4-treated mLBDCs and mABDCs during osteogenic differentiation 78
Figure 18. Histological analysis of the regenerated bone matrix using mABDCs and mLBDCs in vivo 81
Figure 19. Histological analysis of the osteoclast using mABDC and mLBDC in vivo 83
Figure 20. Schematic illustration of the different responsiveness of alveolar and long bone to EMI-related factor, BMP4 93
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dc.format.extentx, 107-
dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectepithelial-mesenchymal interaction-
dc.subjectcopine-7-
dc.subjectBMP4-
dc.subjectautophagy-
dc.subjectreactivation-
dc.subjectresponsiveness-
dc.subject상피간엽상호작용-
dc.subject자가포식-
dc.subject재활성화-
dc.subject반응성-
dc.subject.ddc617.6-
dc.titleCPNE7-Induced Autophagy in Mature Odontoblast and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction in Alveolar Bone-
dc.title.alternative성숙한 상아모세포에서 CPNE7 유도-자가포식과 치조골에서 상피간엽상호작용-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorSon, Chul-
dc.contributor.department치과대학 치의과학과-
dc.description.degree박사-
dc.date.awarded2021-08-
dc.contributor.major세포 및 발생생물학-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000166905-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000046▲000000000053▲000000166905▲-
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