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Understanding Athletes Protests and Activism Regarding Freedom of Expression under Rule 50 of the Olympic Charter : 올림픽 헌장 50조에 명시된 올림픽 참가선수들의 표현의 자유에 대한 저항과 행동주의의 이해

DC Field Value Language
dc.contributor.advisor강준호-
dc.contributor.author마리아-
dc.date.accessioned2022-04-20T07:35:35Z-
dc.date.available2022-04-20T07:35:35Z-
dc.date.issued2021-
dc.identifier.other000000167849-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/178732-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000167849ko_KR
dc.description학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 사범대학 체육교육과,글로벌스포츠매니지먼트전공, 2021.8. 강준호.-
dc.description.abstractRule 50 has served the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for some years, but as of now, it has sparked conversations on its legitimacy within the Olympic context given the current state of affairs of the world and the rise of athlete activism.
Over the years, athletes have used the Olympic Games to express their grievances and have protested in many editions of this festival. Rule 50 bans any demonstration in any Olympic venue regarding racial, social and political propaganda. This rule has been considered a violation of the human right of freedom of expression by some because of the recent growing power of athletes voices.
This study aims to review Rule 50 and its relevance in the Olympic Movement in regard to it being a violation of freedom of expression or not. The study will also attempt to find a middle ground between the IOC and the athletes in which both can be at peace with what Rule 50 indicates, represents and demands, whether this includes changes to the rule itself or not.
Does the multiplicity of the participants opinions mitigate in favor of what is already established or towards a change or abolishment of Rule 50? What could these changes look like? Are they feasible? A qualitative study consisting of a document analysis and semi-structured interviews on four groups of Olympic stakeholders was conducted to answer these questions.
Athletes are known to follow rules, but in terms of Rule 50, it is important that all those affected by it have a comprehensive understanding of why the rule exists and how it serves the Olympic Movement. In context, the participants agree that there should be some limits to freedom of expression, especially during the Olympic Games. Participants also agree that athletes should be more involved in the decision-making process of the IOC, especially with rules that affect them directly.
The author then proposes analyzing Rule 50 through the philosophy and history of the Olympic Truce; thus, asking athletes to leave their speech at the doors of the Olympic Games in order to come together through the practice of sport, considering that the mission of the IOC is that of unifying rather than diving the sport community of the world.
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dc.description.abstract올림픽 규칙 50 은 국제올림픽 조직위원회 (IOC) 에서 다 년간 사용되어 왔지만 최근 들어서 세계적으로 올림픽에 적합한지 재조명이 되기시작하고 행동주의가 활발해지면서 논의가 시작되었다. 과거 올림픽 선수들은 올림픽을 이용해 자신의 감정을 표현하면 시위를 하곤 했다. 규칙 50에서는 올림픽 장소에서 인종적, 사회적, 정치적 선전에 관한 어떠한 시위도 금지를 하였다. 하지만 본 규칙은 표현의 자유에 대한 인권 위반이라는 이유로 최근에 커져가는 선수들의 영향이 힘을 실어 주고있다.
본 연구는 규칙50을 고찰하고 올림픽 운동과 관련하여 인권 표현의 자유가 위반되는지에 목적을 두고있다. 그리하여 IOC 와 선수들간의 중립적인 위치를 도출하여 룰을 바꾸거나 안 바꾸거나 평화롭게 규칙50을 이어갈 수 있기를 기대한다.
연구문제로는 다수 참여자의 의견이 현재 규칙50아니면 규칙50이 바뀌거나 폐지되는데 완화 될 수 있을까? 또한 실현이 가능할까? 에 대해서 선정된 올림픽 이해당사자4그룹을 상대로 문서 분석과 반구조적 인터뷰를 통한 질적 연구를 실시하였다.
대부분 선수들은 규칙을 따른다고 알려져 있지만 이와 관련된 모든 이들은 규칙 50의 존재 이유 및 올림픽 운동에 어떻게 반영되고 있는지 포괄적으로 이해하는게 중요하다고 생각한다. 본문에 언급되어 있듯이 참여자들은 표현의 자유도 어느 정도의 제한이 필요하다고 하였다. 또한 선수들이 IOC 에서 하는 의사결정 과정, 특히 그들에게 직접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 규칙 관련해서는 더 많은 참여를 할 필요가 있다고 동의하였다.
저자는 올림픽 휴전의 철학과 역사를 통하여 규칙 50 에 대한 새로운 접근을 다음과 같이 제시해본다; 세계의 스포츠 지역사회가 나눠지지 않고 통합되야한다는 IOC 의 미션을 고려하여 올림픽 경기를 통해 하나가 되려면 선수들에게 연설은 올림픽 동안은 삼가하면 어떨까 조심스레 제안해본다.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsChapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. Statement of the problem 3
1.3. Significance of the study 4
1.4. Research Purpose 5
1.5. Research questions 5
Chapter 2. Literature Review 7
2.1. Rule 50 – Historical Context 7
2.2. Cases of athlete activism in Olympic Games 11
2.2.1. 1906 Athens Intercalary Games 11
2.2.2. 1936 Berlin Olympic Games 12
2.2.3. 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games 13
2.2.3.1. Black Power Salute 13
2.2.3.2. Vera Čáslavská 15
2.2.4. 1972 Munich Olympic Games 16
2.2.5. 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games 17
2.2.6. 2000 Sydney Olympic Games 18
2.2.7. 2012 London Olympic Games 18
2.2.8. 2014 Sochi Olympic Games 19
2.2.9. 2016 Rio Olympic Games 21
2.3. Athletes Rights and Responsibilities in Olympic Games 22
2.3.1. Athletes Declaration 22
2.4. Freedom of Expression 25
2.4.1. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 26
2.4.2. European Convention of Human Rights 27
2.4.3. International Olympic Committee 28
2.5. Current state of affairs on Rule 50 and athlete activism 29
2.5.1. IOCs New Years Message 29
2.5.2. Rule 50 Guidelines 30
2.5.3. Other statements 32
2.5.4. Current Status 34
Chapter 3. Method 36
3.1. Research Design 36
3.2. Participants 37
3.2.1. Olympic Athletes 38
3.2.2. NOC Officials 39
3.2.3. IOC Officials 39
3.2.4. Academics 40
3.3. Data Collection 41
3.4. Data Analysis 43
3.5. Trustworthiness 44
Chapter 4. Findings 45
4.1. Rule 50 and its relevance in the Olympic Movement 45
4.1.1. Document Analysis 45
4.1.2. Interviews 48
4.1.2.1. Rule 50 knowledge and background 48
4.1.2.2. Athlete Protection 51
4.2. Rule 50 and the human right of freedom of expression 53
4.2.1. Document Analysis 53
4.2.2. Interviews 54
4.2.2.1. Freedom of expression as a Human Right 54
4.2.2.2. Rule 50 as a rule, not a law 58
4.3. Maximizing the IOC and athletes interests within the Olympic context regarding Rule 5062
4.3.1. Document Analysis 62
4.3.2. Interviews 62
4.3.2.1. Spectrum 63
4.3.2.2. Guidelines 65
4.3.2.3. Possible changes to Rule 50 68
4.3.2.4. Athletes Voice 70
4.3.2.5. Communication within Olympic Movement 73
4.4. Additional findings 76
4.4.1. Consequences 76
4.4.2. Protests on the podium 77
4.4.3. Cultural undertone 80
4.4.4. Causes 82
Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusion 85
5.1. Discussion 85
5.1.1. Maintain the status quo or change 85
5.1.2. Is freedom of expression free? 89
5.1.3. Equilibrium point 91
5.1.4. Olympic Truce perspective 93
5.2. Implications 95
5.2.1. Theoretical implications 95
5.2.2. Practical implications 96
5.3. Limitations and Further Research Opportunities 97
5.4. Conclusion 98
References 100
Appendixes 108
Appendix 1. Informed Consent Form 108
Appendix 2. Interview questions per participant group 109
국문초록 115
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dc.format.extentxi, 116-
dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectAthlete Activism-
dc.subjectRule 50-
dc.subjectFreedom of expression-
dc.subjectOlympic Games-
dc.subjectInternational Olympic Committee-
dc.subjectOlympic Charter-
dc.subject행동주의 선수-
dc.subject규칙 50-
dc.subject표현의 자유-
dc.subject올림픽 게임-
dc.subject국제올림픽 조직위원회-
dc.subject올림픽 헌장-
dc.subject.ddc796.069-
dc.titleUnderstanding Athletes Protests and Activism Regarding Freedom of Expression under Rule 50 of the Olympic Charter-
dc.title.alternative올림픽 헌장 50조에 명시된 올림픽 참가선수들의 표현의 자유에 대한 저항과 행동주의의 이해-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorMaria Fernanda Delgado-
dc.contributor.department사범대학 체육교육과,글로벌스포츠매니지먼트전공-
dc.description.degree석사-
dc.date.awarded2021-08-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000167849-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000046▲000000000053▲000000167849▲-
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