Applications of carbon nanotubes and polymeric micro-/nanoparticles in fish vaccine delivery: progress and future perspectives

Abstract

Newly evolving strains of pathogenic microorganisms in aquaculture are posing formidable challenge in controlling and/or eradication of diseases affecting aquaculture. Many research studies have aimed to address this challenge, and the delivery of vaccines using biocompatible nano-delivery systems is widely investigated. Nanoparticles (NPs) have tremendous potential for application as delivery vehicles of novel vaccines. At present, various polymeric and non-polymeric NPs are utilized to deliver vaccines in aquatic species. This review comprehensively discusses recent research advancements in the utilization of carbon nanotubes and polymeric micro-/nanoparticles for the delivery of drug/nutrients to control fish diseases. Further, this review compares the potentials of various vaccine delivery systems utilized to control fish pathogens. The necessity of non-toxic and eco-friendly strategies for aquaculture has also been emphasized in this review.