Economic impact, management and mitigation of red tides in Korea

Abstract

Over the past three decades, a total of USD $121 million in economic losses (fish/shellfish kills) has occurred in the Korean aquaculture industry due to harmful algal blooms (HABs). Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) has also been noted almost every year, closing shellfish farms, and 46 people were poisoned including five people killed by consuming wild mussels. Since 1980, PSP has been officially monitored and managed, and the nationwide control of fish/shellfish kills by HAB species began in 1995. Management and control strategies include both precautionary and emergency measures. Precautionary management includes establishing an observation network and prediction system, an early warning system, and mitigating damage to aquafarms. Along with regular HAB monitoring including species, chlorophyll a, and associated water quality and meteorological parameters, automatic HAB alarm systems equipped with chlorophyll a and turbidity sensors are used in aquafarms as early HAB warnings. Emergency management is essential after a HAB outbreak to prevent fisheries damage. This method includes supplying oxygen to fish, stopping feeding, transferring fish to a safe area, and clay dispersal. Clay dispersion is the prime mitigation technique for HABs in Korea, because clay is natural, nontoxic, inexpensive, and easy to use in field operations. Clay is dispersed over the sea surface using a clay dispensing device to efficiently remove HABs. A third generation (3G) clay dispenser has been developed recently, combining an electrolytic water generator and a clay dispenser, significantly reducing the amount of clay used, resulting in high removal efficiencies. Since using this device, the economic losses from HAB fish kills have dropped >80% in Korea, although the frequency of HABs has increased since 1980. Clay is a natural component, but using too much clay may cause negative impacts on marine organisms and environments. In addition, clay dispersal is not an effective method to control poisoning of fish/shellfish from algal toxins that accumulate in fish and shellfish at low density toxic blooms. Future studies of HAB control should include control of HABs using minimum amounts of clay and practical use of biological control agents. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.