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Two Essays on Bank Lending Behavior : 은행의 대출행태에 관한 연구

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dc.contributor.advisor조성욱-
dc.contributor.author정성준-
dc.date.accessioned2023-06-29T01:47:27Z-
dc.date.available2023-06-29T01:47:27Z-
dc.date.issued2023-
dc.identifier.other000000176801-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/192996-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000176801ko_KR
dc.description학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 경영대학 경영학과, 2023. 2. 조성욱.-
dc.description.abstractThis thesis consists of essays on bank lending behavior: corporate social responsibility (CSR) and prudent banks. The first essay investigates whether CSR metrics accurately reflect firms material social impacts. Analyzing small business lending during the Great Recession, I find that banks assessed to be socially responsible exerted higher social costs by actively pulling back funds from those in need of liquidity. These banks paid more expenses on immaterial but conspicuous issues during the boom, which helped them earn favorable assessments. Once the downturn arrived, they had less slack with higher operating leverage and squeezed their loans. My results suggest that social welfare could paradoxically decrease as CSR attracts public attention without reliable metrics for firms social impacts.
The second essay examines lending behaviors of prudent banks around the 2008 financial crisis. Before the 2008 crisis, risky banks showed higher lending ratios, but relatively sound banks with high capital ratios, high core deposit ratios, and low non-performing loan ratios (prudent banks) showed higher excess loan growth rates, especially in secured real estate loans and household loans. Prudent banks also approved more mortgage loan applications than risky banks did. Such aggressive lending by prudent banks led to higher non-performing loan ratios and lower profitability over time. Analyses with a prudence index confirmed these results. These findings suggest that prudent banks showed excessive loan growth and risk taking before the 2008 financial crisis.
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dc.description.abstract이 논문은 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR)과 대출행태, 신중한 (Prudent) 은행들의 대출행태에 관한 2개의 소논문으로 구성되어 있다. 첫 번째 논문은 기업의 사회적 책임 평가지표가 그 기업의 주요한 사회적 영향력을 정확하게 평가하는지 여부를 확인한다. 2008년 대침체기 때의 미국 은행들의 소상공인 대출을 분석한 결과, 사회적 책임을 다하는 것으로 평가 받은 은행들이 실제로는 유동성이 필요한 주체들로부터 적극적으로 대출을 회수함으로써 더 높은 사회적 비용을 부과했다는 것을 발견하였다. 이 은행들은 주요하진 않지만 눈에 띄는 부분에서 더 많은 비용을 썼었고, 이러한 행동은 더 우호적인 평가를 받을 수 있게 하였다. 경기침체가 도래하자, 이 은행들은 높은 영업 레버리지와 함께, 대출을 지속하기 위한 여유 자금이 부족해졌고, 따라서 대출을 긴축하였다. 이러한 결과는 기업의 사회적 영향에 대한 신뢰할 수 있는 측정 지표 없이 기업의 사회적 책임에 대중의 관심이 커지면, 오히려 사회 복지가 역설적으로 감소할 수 있음을 시사한다.
두 번째 논문은 미국 은행들의 2008년 금융위기 전후의 대출 행태에 대해 분석한다. 2008년 위기 이전에는 위험성이 큰 은행들은 자산대비 대출 비율이 높았다. 반면, 높은 자본비율, 시장성 수신 비중이 적은 예금 구조, 적은 부실대출 등으로 대변되는 상대적으로 건전한(신중한) 은행들은 자산 증가율 대비 높은 대출 증가율을 보였으며, 특히 부동산 담보대출, 가계 대출 항목에서 이러한 현상이 두드러졌다. 또한, 신중한 은행들은 위험한 은행들보다 주택담보대출 신청에 대한 승인 비율이 더 높게 나타났다. 신중한 은행들의 공격적인 대출은 부실대출비율을 높이고, 시간이 지날수록 수익성을 떨어뜨리는 결과로 이어졌다. 이러한 결과는 신중한 은행들이 2008년 금융위기 이전에 과도한 대출 증가와 위험 감수를 보였다는 것을 시사한다.
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dc.description.tableofcontentsChapter 1. Are Socially Responsible Firms Really Responsible? Main Street Lending during the Great Recession 1

1. Introduction 2
2. Theoretical Background 11
2.1. Stakeholder theory, CSR, and its assessment 11
2.2. Banks social responsibility and hypothesis development 14
3. Data 17
4. Empirical Findings 20
4.1. Difference-in-differences estimation 20
4.2. Other confounders – financial soundness 24
4.3. Should socially responsible banks rather refrain from lending? 26
4.4. Effects on mortgage lending 27
5. Channels 28
5.1. Uninformative or immaterial Ratings? 28
5.2. Resource constraint, operating leverage, and lending capacities 31
6. Conclusion 34
References 36
Appendix 57
Appendix A: Additional Figures and Tables 57
Appendix B: Subsample Analyses 60


Chapter 2. Lending Behaviors of Prudent Banks around the 2008 Financial Crisis 64

1. Introduction 65
2. Related Literature on Bank Lending Behavior and its Consequences 68
3. Hypothesis Development 70
4. Data and Methodology 72
4.1. Data sources 72
4.2. Methodology and Variables 74
5. Empirical Results 77
5.1. Univariate Tests of Lending Behaviors 77
5.2. Multivariate Regression 78
5.3. Robustness Test Results 81
5.3.1. Banks with Higher Prudence Index 82
5.3.2. Banks Approval Rates for Home Mortgage Loan Applications 83
5.3.3. Bank Loan Demands 84
5.3.4. Variation across Bank Sizes 84
5.4. Summary and Discussion 86
6. Conclusion 86
References 88
Appendix A 109

국문초록 112

List of Tables and Figures

Chapter 1.

Figure 1. Trends in banks small business lending 42
Figure 2. Trends in the number of regulatory sanctions received 43
Figure 3. Yearly trends in the differential lending behaviors of high-CSR banks 44
Table 1. Summary Statistics 45
Table 2. Main difference-in-differences estimation, CSR and small business lending 47
Table 3. Statistics of soundness characteristics for the two groups, distinguishing pre- and post-treatment 48
Table 4. Difference-in-differences estimation, controlling for differential impacts of soundness characteristics 49
Table 5. Difference-in-differences estimation, excluding banking crisis years or thinly capitalized banks 50
Table 6. Difference-in-differences estimation, CSR and mortgage lending 51
Table 7. Results distinguishing material and immaterial topics 52
Table 8. Statistics of operating expenses for the two groups, distinguishing pre- and post- treatment 55
Table 9. Difference-in-differences estimation, two groups sorted using a single category 56
Figure A1. Trends in banks CSR scores 57
Table A1. CSR topics assessed by the KLD 58
Table B1. Table 2 replication based on subsamples 60
Table B2. Table 3 replication based on subsamples 62
Table B3. Table 8 replication based on subsamples 63

Chapter 2. Lending Behaviors of Prudent Banks around the 2008 Financial Crisis

Figure 1. Total loan ratios and Excess loan growth in bank groups over Pre, During and Post-Crisis periods 93
Table 1. Definitions of the variables and data sources 94
Table 2. Summary statistics 95
Table 3. Effects of bank-specific characteristics to the lending level and growth 96
Table 4. Effects of banks lending behavior on non-performing loans and profitability 98
Table 5. Effects of prudence index to the lending level and growth 100
Table 6. Effects of prudence index and lending behavior on bank performance 102
Table 7. Effects of bank-specific characteristics and prudence index on loan application approval rates 103
Table 8. Effects of bank-specific characteristics and prudence on loan ratio and excess loan growth controlling MSA*time and bank fixed effects 104
Table 9. Effects of bank-specific characteristics on loan ratio and excess loan growth across bank sizes 105
Table 10. Effects of bank-specific characteristics and bank lending on bank performance across bank sizes 106
Table 11. Effects of prudence index on loan ratio and excess loan growth across bank sizes 107
Table 12. Effects of prudence index and bank lending on bank performance across bank sizes 108
Table A1. Eigenvalues of the reduced correlation matrix 109
Table A2. Standardized scoring coefficients of Factor1 110
Table A3. Testing the first column of Panel B of both Table 3 and Table 5 111
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dc.format.extentvii, 113-
dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectBank lending-
dc.subjectGreat Recession-
dc.subjectCorporate Social Responsibility-
dc.subjectStakeholder theory-
dc.subjectSocial impact assessment-
dc.subjectRisk taking-
dc.subjectBank Performance-
dc.subject.ddc658-
dc.titleTwo Essays on Bank Lending Behavior-
dc.title.alternative은행의 대출행태에 관한 연구-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorSeongjun Jeong-
dc.contributor.department경영대학 경영학과-
dc.description.degree박사-
dc.date.awarded2023-02-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000176801-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000049▲000000000056▲000000176801▲-
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