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Clinical characteristics of seronegative autoimmune encephalitis and factors associated with outcomes : 항체음성 자가면역뇌염 임상양상 및 예후 관련 인자 연구

DC Field Value Language
dc.contributor.advisor이상건-
dc.contributor.author이우진-
dc.date.accessioned2023-11-20T04:43:39Z-
dc.date.available2023-11-20T04:43:39Z-
dc.date.issued2023-
dc.identifier.other000000177250-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10371/197119-
dc.identifier.urihttps://dcollection.snu.ac.kr/common/orgView/000000177250ko_KR
dc.description학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 의과대학 의학과, 2023. 8. 이상건.-
dc.description.abstractSeronegative autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is AE without any identifiable pathogenic antibody. Although it is a major subtype of AE, many unmet clinical needs exist in terms of clinical characteristics, treatments, and prognosis. Here in this institutional cohort study, I analyzed patients diagnosed with seronegative AE with available 2-year outcomes were for the disease course, 2-year outcome prediction system, effect of immunotherapy, necessity of further immunotherapy at 6 or 12 months, and pattern of brain atrophy. Seronegative AE was subcategorized into antibody-negative probable AE (ANPRA), autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Poor 2-year outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale [mRS] scores 3‒6, and the 2-year serial data of Clinical Assessment Scales in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) score was used for longitudinal data analyses. A total of 147 patients were included. The frequency of achieving a good 2-year outcome (mRS 0‒2) was 56.5%. The ANPRA subtype exhibited the poorest outcomes, although the baseline severity was similar among the subtypes. The RAPID score, consisting of five early utilizable clinical factors, refractory status epilepticus, age of onset ≥ 60 years, probable AE (ANPRA subtype), infratentorial involvement, and delay of immunotherapy ≥ 1 month, was associated with poorer 2-year outcomes. Any immunotherapy was associated with clinical improvement in the patients with low risk for poor 2-year outcomes (RAPID scores 0–1), and the combination immunotherapy of steroid, immunoglobulin, rituximab, and tocilizumab was associated with better outcomes in the patients with high risk for poor 2-year outcomes (RAPID scores 2-5). In patients with persistent disease at 6 months, continuing immunotherapy was associated with more improvement, while the effect of continuing immunotherapy for more than 12 months was unclear. In the longitudinal analysis of MRI, the development of cerebellar atrophy indicated poor outcomes, while the absence of diffuse cerebral atrophy or medial temporal atrophy indicated the possibility of a good outcome. From this study, I newly demonstrated the clinical characteristics and courses, the effect of immunotherapy and its duration, and prognostic factors in seronegative AE.-
dc.description.abstract항체음성자가면역뇌염(Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis)은 뇌염의 원인 항체가 검출되지 않는 자가면역뇌염임. 최근 자가면역뇌염의 임상적 범위가 확대되면서, 항체음성자가면역뇌염이 자가면역뇌염의 주요 아형으로 대두되고 있지만, 항체음성자가면역뇌염의 임상 특성, 치료법 및 예후가 아직 규명되지 않았음. 저자는 뇌염 환자에 대한 기관 코호트를 기반으로 항체음성자가면역뇌염 환자 2년 간의 장기 임상 경과를 분석하였으며, 2년 후 임상적 예후 예측 시스템을 개발하였음. 또한 주요 면역치료 요법의 효과, 6개월 또는 12개월 시점에서 불충분한 회복이 있는 환자에서 추가 면역 요법의 효과, 뇌 MRI 상 관찰되는 뇌의 위축과 장기적 예후와의 연관성 등을 규명하고자 하였음. 항체음성자가면역뇌염은 최근 제시된 분류 체계에 의해 항체음성유력자가면역뇌염(antibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis, ANPRA), 자가면역변연뇌염(autoimmune limbic encephalitis, LE) 및 급성파종뇌척수염(acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, ADEM)으로 분류하였음. 발병 후 2년 시점에서 불량한 임상결과는 발병 후 2년 시점의 수정 Rankin 척도[modified Rankin scale, mRS] 점수 3~6으로 정의되었으며, 임상 양상의 시계열 분석을 위해 자가면역뇌염 임상 평가 척도 (clinical assessment scales in autoimmune encephalitis, CASE) 점수체계를 활용하여 환자 별 2년 임상 경과 데이터베이스를 구축하였음. 총 147명의 환자를 최종 분석하였으며, 이 중 2년 시점에서 양호한 임상결과(mRS 0-2)를 달성한 빈도는 56.5%였음. 초기 질병 심각도는 세 가지 질병 유형 간 유사하였으나, ANPRA 유형은 가장 불량한 임상결과를 나타내음. 질병 초기에 평가 가능한 5가지 임상 요인인, 불응성뇌전증지속상태 (refractory status epilepsitucs), 발병 연령 60세 이상, ANPRA 하위 유형, 뇌 MRI 상 천막하 부위 병변 침범, 발병 후 1개월 이상 면역치료 지연으로 구성된 RAPID 점수는 불량한 2년 임상결과를 예측할 수 있었음. 불량한 2년 임상결과의 위험이 낮은 환자(RAPID 점수 0-1점)에서는 고용량 스테로이드, 면역글로불린, 리툭시맙(rituximab), 토실리주맙(tocilizumab)등 면역 치료제제 각각이 모두 임상 경과 개선과 관련이 있었던 반면, 불량한 2년 임상결과의 위험이 높은 환자(RAPID 점수 2-5점)에서는 스테로이드, 면역 글로불린, 리툭시맙 및 토실리주맙을 모두 조합한 치료만이 임상 경과 개선에 효과가 있었음. 뇌염 병증이 지속되어 발병 후 6개월 시점에 mRS점수가 3점 이상인 환자에서 면역 요법을 지속하면 2년 시점 임상결과가 추가적으로 개선되나, 12개월 시점에 mRS점수가 3점 이상인 환자에서의 면역 요법을 지속은 효과가 불분명했음. 뇌 MRI 추적 검사에서 중등도 이상의 소뇌 위축의 발생은 나쁜 예후를 높은 확률로 예측하였으나, 미만성대뇌위축이나 내측두엽위축이 발생하지 않은 경우 임상적 회복 및 좋은 2년 임상결과 획득의 가능성을 시사하였음. 본 연구를 통해 항체음성자가면역뇌염의 임상적 특징과 경과, 면역요법의 효과와 기간, 예후인자 등을 종합적으로 새롭게 규명함.-
dc.description.tableofcontentsAbstract i
Table of contents iii
List of figures and tables v

1. Introduction 1
1.1. Overview of autoimmune encephalitis 1
1.2. Recent advances in the treatment of autoimmune encephalitis 2
1.3. Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis3 4
1.4. Purpose of Research 5
2. Materials and methods 6
2.1. Study population 6
2.2. Testing for autoimmune encephalitis associated autoantibody 3
2.3. Testing for other etiologies of encephalitis 5
2.4. Analysis of clinical profiles 5
2.5. Analysis of brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid parameters 6
2.6. Analysis of treatment profiles 7
2.7. Analysis of the predictors of 2-year outcomes 7
2.8. Analysis of the effect of immunotherapy 8
2.9. Effect of further immunotherapy on persistent disease 9
2.10. Serial brain MRI analysis 9
2.11. Statistical analysis 10
3. Results 12
3.1. Patient characteristics 12
3.2. Factors associated with 2-year outcomes and the construction of RAPID scores 14
3.3. Analysis of the effect of immunotherapy 16
3.4. Effect of further immunotherapy on persistent disease 18
3.5. Serial brain MRI analysis 19
4. Discussion 21
5. Conclusion 28
6. References 29
7. Figures and figure legends 37
8. Tables 48
9. Abstract (Korean) 68

FIGURES 37
Fig. 1. A flow chart illustrating the process for defining the study population 37
Fig. 2. Clinical courses and outcomes of the study population. 38
Fig. 3. The association of the RAPID scores with 2-year outcomes. 39
Fig. 4. Association of the RAPID scores with 2-year outcomes in each disease subtype. 40
Fig. 5. The change in CASE scores before and after the initiation of rituximab or tocilizumab regimens. 41
Fig. 6. The effect of further immunotherapy on persistent disease at 6 months and at 12 months. 42
Fig. 7. The frequency of the development of brain atrophy in serial brain MRI follow-up and its association with the clinical outcomes. 43
Fig. 8. Brain MRI findings of representative patients. 44
Fig. 9. Illustrative diffusion restriction MRI finding in each disease subtype. 46

TABLES 48
Table 1. Comparison of clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcome profiles among the disease subgroups. 48
Table 2. Comparison between groups with or without poor 2-year outcomes. 51
Table 3. Logistic regression analysis for the factors associated with the poor clinical course. 53
Table 4. Bootstrap validation for the logistic regression analysis of the factors associated with the poor clinical course. 54
Table 5. Linear mixed models for the longitudinal CASE score changes. 55
Table 6. Bootstrap validation for the linear mixed models for the longitudinal CASE score changes. 56
Table 7. Linear mixed models for the longitudinal CASE score changes in subgroups divided by RAPID scores. 57
Table 8. Bootstrap validation for the linear mixed models for the longitudinal CASE score changes in the subgroups divided by RAPID scores. 58
Table 9. Repeated measure analysis of covariance for the comparison of the CASE scores before and after the use of rituximab or tocilizumab. 59
Table 10. Profiles of the adverse events. 60
Table 11. Comparison of clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcome profiles according to the groups with or without further immunotherapy, within the patients with mRS scores ≥3 at 6-month. 61
Table 12. Logistic regression analysis for the factors associated with the improvement in mRS or CASE scores after 6-months until 2-year, in the patients with mRS scores ≥3 at 6-month. 63
Table 13. Bootstrap validation for the logistic regression analyses for the factors associated with the improvement in mRS or CASE scores from 6-months to 2-year, within the patients with mRS scores ≥3 at 6-month. 64
Table 14. Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid profiles at 6-month between the groups with or without additional mRS improvement after further immunotherapy, within the patients with mRS scores ≥3 at 6-month. 65
Table 15. Comparison of clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcome profiles according to the groups with or without further immunotherapy, within the patients with mRS scores ≥3 at 12-month. 66
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dc.format.extentvii, 71-
dc.language.isoeng-
dc.publisher서울대학교 대학원-
dc.subjectseronegative autoimmune encephalitis-
dc.subjectimmunotherapy-
dc.subjectoutcome prediction-
dc.subjectprognosis-
dc.subject.ddc610-
dc.titleClinical characteristics of seronegative autoimmune encephalitis and factors associated with outcomes-
dc.title.alternative항체음성 자가면역뇌염 임상양상 및 예후 관련 인자 연구-
dc.typeThesis-
dc.typeDissertation-
dc.contributor.AlternativeAuthorWoo-Jin Lee-
dc.contributor.department의과대학 의학과-
dc.description.degree박사-
dc.date.awarded2023-08-
dc.contributor.major중개의학-
dc.identifier.uciI804:11032-000000177250-
dc.identifier.holdings000000000050▲000000000058▲000000177250▲-
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