Differential responses of two degradation domains of HIF-1alpha to hypoxia and iron deficiency

Abstract

HIF-1alpha is a transcription factor involved in the cellular adaptation to either hypoxia or iron deficiency. In the presence of oxygen and iron, proline residues in two degradation domains are modified by HIF-1-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs), resulting in ubiquitination and degradation of HIF-1alpha. Since both molecular oxygen and iron are elements required for this hydroxylation process, HIF-1alpha might be unmodified and stable in conditions lacking oxygen or iron. If so, two degradation domains may respond to hypoxia and iron-depletion in the same way. In this study, however, we found two degradation domains to differentially regulate the stability of HIF-1alpha. The C-terminal domain responded to both hypoxia and iron-depletion, but the N-terminal domain to only iron-depletion. The deletion or point-mutation of the C-terminal domain blunted the hypoxic induction of HIF-1alpha. However, PHD-silencing siRNAs revealed that two degradation domains were not regulated by different types of PHDs. Both domains were regulated mainly by PHD2. The further mutational analysis demonstrated that the ARD1-acetylated motif near the C-terminal degradation domain (CDD) modulates the oxygen-dependent regulation of HIF-1alpha. The oxygen-dependent HIF-1alpha regulation requiring both proline hydroxylation and lysine acetylation may be more complicated than the iron-dependent regulation requiring only proline hydroxylation.