발렌티누스(Valentinus)의 신정론(神正論): "진리복음서(The Gospel of Truth)"를 중심으로

Abstract

Endeavoring into the problem of evil. Gnostic philosopher Valentinus has argued about the goodness of God in his writing, 『The Gospel of Truth』. The reasoning of his argument can be found in his discussions on creation. origin of evil, and the conquest of evil. He argues that because one of God's properties is "existentiality." emanation of metaphysical and physical creation is inevitable. As the creation continues, 'error' occurs, and this does not belong to God. Differently from the orthodox Christian thecdicy tha t the final responsibility of evil lies in human being, he suggested that neither human being nor God is responsible for evil: evil is just an error. Valentinus' theology also varies from general arguments of various Gnostic sectors. Using the concept of "grace" acquired from Paul, Valentinus argues that God is in one hand transcendence. but on the other hand intervenes to human affairs with his divine grace. By connecting Christian God with grace and the Gnostic God with transcendence. also by using Jesus' and Paul's theologies. he creatively developed his theodicy which was influential to believers. Valenttnus'serious discourse is meaningful for us living in 21st century, in the sense that the existence of good and evil has been perpetual question of human being.

The 'HwaChung"(和請)"'s original meaning is "inviting the all of the Buddhas and Boddhi-sattvas". And it's meaning was appropriated vocal music used in Buddhist ritual differentiated with the "Bumpae(梵唄)" sanskritic long poem.

In Cho Son period. such a Buddhist music played by professional troupe connected with buddhist temple. they are called as "geosabae(居士輩)" or "sadangpae(社堂)".

Because of the Cho Son government's anti-Buddhism doctrine. increased mendicant monks substitute the "sadangpae". Out of the temple. mendicant monks had to re-create the buddhist vocal music adjust to illiterate people. Hwa chung is differ from Bumpae played in buddhist ritual in the temple. it can be easily accepted to people since it composed of popular word.

Other side, according to the musical ritual master(梵唄僧)'s discretion. some of classical Hwachung played in inner temple ritual. They are select the suitable song for the ritual's standard and receive it. Because of people who attend the ritual want familiar music. and the monks should consider the devotee's demand.