1930년대 소련에서의 "대협약(Big Deal)"의 성립과 그 수혜자들 - 노동돌격대, 스따하노프 노동자, 그리고 전문기술인들을 중심으로 -

Abstract

Vera Dunham argues that, after World War U, the Stalin regime made a

Big Deal， an alliance with the managerial-professional social groups, such

as engineers, administrators, and managers in order to get help from them

to restore the prewar economic pace and the devastated country. The

regime provided them with various material privileges, i.e., housing, consumer

goods, luxuries and leisure time. Besides obtaining help for rebuilding

the country, the Stalin regime was able to secure political support from

those privileged groups by offering those privileges. Dunham defines the

interchange of the material incentives, and the support to the regime, as the

Big Deal'.

In fact, however, the Big Dea1' did not emerge in the 1940s; rather, it

was a1ready formed in the early 1930s in the process of industria1ization.

The Sta1in regime urgently needed the labor force to carry out industria1ization.

Thus, the regime had to mobilize not only the mass of the working

class, especia11y industria1 workers, but a1so the technica1 intelligentsia.

However, it would be difficu1t for the regime to mobilize the workers, who

lived under deteriorated living conditions, and the technica1 intelligentsia,

who were attacked by specia1ist-baiting during the First-Five Year Plan. In addition, the 1eveling wage system contributed to the high rates of 1abor

tumover. In these circumstances, it wou1d have been impossib1e for the

regime to mobilize the worker and the technica1 intelligentsia without

offering any carrot. In 1931, by introducing the piece-rate system and by

offering monetary and materia1 privileges to those two socia1 groups, the

Sta1in regime was ab1e to mobilize them into the process of indus며a1ization.

In this context, the Big Dea1' was a1ready formed in the ear1y 1930s.

Unlike Leon Trotsky, Milovan Dj ilas , and Dona1d Filtzers argument,

besides the Soviet e1ite, the workers was a1so a counterpart of the regime' s

a11iance and one of the main beneficiaries, rather than victim of the

reglmes indus며a1ization po1icy. A1though on1y the shock workers and the

Stakhanovites were ab1e to enjoy various privileges among the workers, the

opportunity for joining those two privileged groups was φen to the entire

working class during the 1930s. In this sense, it is Quite p1ausib1e to consider

the workers as the object of the Big Dea1' during this period.

The resu1t of the Sta1in regimes mobilization po1icy was re1ative1y

successfu1 because the regime was ab1e to encourage the masses of the

workers to participate in soci떠ist competition by offering materia1 and

monetary incentives. Additiona11y, the policy of offering privileges contributed

to changing the privileged workers attitudes and behavior. The increased

soci머 status of the 1eading Stakhanovites 1ed them to aspire toward

cultured va1ues and behavior that they did not have.

However, the Stalin regimes alliance with the workers cou1d not continue

beyond the 1930s because the prob1em of 1abor Quality began to be exposed

in the 1ate 1930s. A1though some leading Stakhanovites were promoted into

higher positions in industry, they cou1d not substitute for the role of the

technica1 intelligentsia. A1so, they had to overcome cultura1 deficits as illiteracy.

Finally, only the technica1 intelligentsia was ab1e to remain as the

partner of the Stalin regime a11iance throughout the 1940s.