Systematic Study of Calaphidinae s.l. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the Korean Peninsula: Cryptic Diversity Identification and Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Abstract

The subfamily Calaphidinae s.l. were investigated on three subjects: i) taxonomic review of the Korean Calaphidinae including two closely related subfamilies (Phyllaphidinae and Saltusaphidinae), ii) identifying cryptic diversity of the subfamily Calaphidinae s.s. based on DNA barcoding and iii) molecular phylogeny and evolutionary hypothesis of the subfamily Calaphidinae s.l. In the first part, Calaphidinae and two closely related subfamilies (Phyllaphidinae and Saltusaphidinae) were reviewed in the Korean peninsula, comprising 89 species of 33 genera. In this study, 16 new species and 18 unrecorded species were newly recognized. In addition, 1 revived species, 4 misidentified, and 2 synonymized species were confirmed. In the second part, cryptic diversity in the subfamily Calaphidinae s.s. were I

investigated based on 899 cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences from 115 morphospecies. A total of 15 cryptic species was identified from 12 morphospecies as well as 3 morphologically distinct species pairs that shared DNA barcoding. The third part was testing a monophyly of the subfamily Calaphidinae s.l. including sister group relationship and confirming the relationship among its components such as tribe and genera with reference to an evolutionary hypothesis of ancestral host plant relationship and host shift. The phylogenetic results demonstrated that Phyllaphidinae forms a basal node as the most primitive group of Calaphidinae s.l. and Calaphidinae s.l. is not a monophyly by including Saltusaphidinae.